Chapter 28 Reproductive System
Primary productive organs in females are ovaries.
primary productive organs in males are testes.
both females and males produce gametes known as sex cells.
Large amount of sex hormones production affects maturation, development, and activity of reproductive organs.
Hypothalamus begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Which stimulate the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Occurs during adolescence
external sex characteristics develop, gametes mature, and gonads being too secrete sex hormones.
Girls being puberty at ages 8-12
Boys begin puberty around ages 9-14
Girls begin 2 years prior to boys and African American girls being about 1 year before Caucasian girls.
Precocious puberty is signs of puberty developing much earlier than normal.
Ovarian follicles are site of oocyte production and sex hormone release.
Consist of oocyte surrounded by follicles cells that support oocyte.
Thousands are found in cortex.
There are 6 main types of ovarian follicle representing different stages of development.
primordial follicle is the most primitive type, primary oocyte and single flattened layer of follicle cells (primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic prophase)
1.5 million primordial follicles present at birth
primary follicle forms from maturing primordial follicle, secreting estrogen as it matures making changes in uterine lining.
Thecal cells are found on periphery of a primary follicle.
Thecal cells help control follicle development and secrete androgens converted to estrogen by granulosa cells.
secondary follicle forms from primary follicle, primary oocyte has many layers granulosa cells.
antrum is a fluid filled space, where serous fluid increases as ovulation nears.
cumulus oophorus are clusters of follicle cells surrounding oocyte.
large vesicular (mature) follicles form from secondary follicles and contain a secondary oocyte.
Secondary oocyte has completed meiosis I and is arrested in second meiotic metaphase, one made per month.
corpus luteum forms from remnants of follicles after mature follicle ruptures and oocyte expelled secreting estrogen and progesterone.
stimulate uterine lining buildup and prepares uterus for fertilized oocyte implantation.
corpus albicans forms from regressed luteum where white CT scar and most structures are completely reabsorbed.
oogenesis is the maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oocyte that occurs in stages over females life.
oogonia are primordial germ cells in ovary before birth.
primordial germs cells start in meiosis but arrested in prophase I: primary oocytes. Remain in this stage until after puberty.
Ovaries are inactive during childhood and have no developing follicles.
400,000 follicles remain in ovaries from puberty to menopause.
Hypothalamus → GnRH → FSH and LH → ovarian cycle → 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal.
Occurs during days 1-13 where around 20 primordial follicles are stimulated to mature by LH and FSH.
Follicular cells release inhibin (hormone) that helps inhibit further FSH production and prevent excessive follicle development.
primary follicles mature into secondary follicles.
usually only one matures into vesicular follicle
fluid volume increases in follicle antrum and oocyte is forced to one side of follicle where primary oocyte in vesicular follicle finishes meiosis I and for two cells.
Polar body is nonfunctional and receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses.
Cell from primary oocyte receives bulk of cytoplasm, becomes secondary oocyte, reaches metaphase II before arrested, complete meiosis if fertilized.
If secondary oocyte not fertilized it breaks down within 24 hours.
ovulation: release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle, occurs on day 14, only one ovary ovulates each month.
ovulation is induced with peak in LH secretion.
During ovulation antrum increases in size, swells, and expands until ovarian surface thins, and ruptures expelling secondary oocyte.
Remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum on days 15-28.
corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and estrogen, builds up uterine lining and has a life span of 10-13 days if oocyte not fertilized.
Menstruation is when corpus luteum regression causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen causing uterine shedding.
menses means sheds lining
menarche is the first menstrual cycle occurring around ages 11-12.
menopause occurs when woman stop monthly menstrual cycles for a year age 45 and 55 resulting in atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts with reduced hormones and decrease in vaginal wall thickness and uterus shrinking.
hot flashes occur with periodic elevation in body temperature.
thinning scalp hair and increased heart disease
symptoms treated with hormone replacement therapy.
after menopause no more ovarian follicles remain or follicle maturation stops and significant amounts of progesterone and estrogen no longer secreted. (no further menstrual periods)
testes are small organs housed in scrotum that produce sperm and androgens.
seminiferous tubules nourish developing sperm that release hormone inhibin when sperm count is high and contain diving sperm cells continuously producing sperm.
Inhibin inhibits HSF secretion and regulates sperm production.
Interstitial cells are stimulated to produce androgens by luteinizing hormones.
most common androgen and testosterone.
primary spermatocyte are dipped cells that undergo meiosis.
secondary spermatocytes are two cells produced by primary spermatocyte from meiosis I, haploid cells (23 chromosomes).
spermatid formed when secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II, haploid cell near seminiferous tubule lumen.
spermatogenesis is the process of sperm development that begins during puberty with significant levels of FSH and LH.
spermatogonia are primordial germ cells from which all sperm develop - some cancers develops in germ cells, diploid cells near base of seminiferous tubule.
divide by mitosis into new spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte.
mammary glands are composed of tubuloalveolar exocrine glands that secreat breast milk:
proteins, fats, lactose sugar.
mammary glands are subdivided into lobes and further into lobules.
alveoli produce milk in lactating females and are more numerous and larger during pregnancy.
nipple are mutliple tiny openings of excretory ducts that transport breast milk.
areolar glands are uneven surfaces due to sebaceous glands and often darker in womean who has given birth
parous: women who has given birth
nulliparous: women who has not given birth
lactiferous ducts expand to form lactiferous sinus
lactiferous sinus stores milk
Lactation is the releasing of breast milk and occurs in reponse to internal/extermal stimuli, being in to produce after giving birth.
prolactin is produced in anterior pituitary and responsible for milk production. With increase, mammary gland forms more and larger alveoli.
oxytocin produced by hypothalamus and released form posterior pituitary responsible for milk ejection.
ovarian cancer is primary malignancy in ovary, may originate from oocytes, CT, or surface epithelium.
ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cancer in woman. Symptoms include: constipation, urinary urgency, abdominal swelling, pelvic pain, indigestion, nausea, back pain, weigh changes.
ovarian cancer treatment includes surgery or chemotherapy.
Cervical cancer is common malignancy of female reproductive system. Most important risk factor include human papilloma virus (HPV) infection treated by vaccine.
Pap smear detects cervical cancer in early stages, epithelial cells scraped from cervix edges, and examined from abnormal development.
If cancerous cells present portion of cervix removed.
if invasive cells entire uterus removed by hysterectomy.
Paternal Age Risks for Disorders in Offspring occurs in males over 45 years of ages (morel likely to pass on genetic mutation than men in their 20s), risk increases with age:
bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, depression, attention deficient, hyperactivity disorder.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland, common in older men due to hormonal changes in aging males.
frequent urination at night, frequent and painful, can be treated with drugs
Prostate Cancer one of most common malignancies in men over 50, forms hard solid nodules in probate.
screening wit Digital rectal exam, PSA test, treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal.
Breast Cancer occurs in 1-8 women in US arising from duct epithelium. Including risk factors: Family history, longer reproductive span, obesity, nulliparity, late age at first pregnancy, specific genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), most related to increased estrogen exposure to estrogen.
Contraception Methods is the prevention of pregnancy.
absences is the only 100% way to prevent pregnancy.
rhythm method is to avoid sex during ovulation time; failure rate is about 25%.
withdrawal method is to pull out before ejaculation; fails rate is about 19%
barrier method is to prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes (condoms, spermicidal gels, diaphragms).
lactation signals hypothalamus to prevent FSH and LH release and prevent ovulation temporarily
intrauterine devices (IUD) is flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus with copper or synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation.
oral contraceptives or estrogen/progestin patches prevent LH spike and ovulation
injected progestins prevent ovulation and thicken mucus around cervix
morning-after pills inhibit ovulation and are taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
mifepristone is used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy and it block progesterone receptors and induces miscarriages.
tubal ligation is the process of surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends to prevent sperm from reaching uterus.
vasectomy is a procedure where ductus deferent cut, segment removed, ends tied, and sperm is unable to leave testis.
Sexually Transmitted Infections are groups of infectious diseases transmitted via sexual contact that are prevented by condoms but not 100% effective. A leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women:
Chlamydia is the most frequently reported in U.S., Due to Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, Most people asymptomatic, May have symptoms of vaginal discharge, painful urination, back pain, Treated with antibiotics
Genital herpes Caused by herpes simplex virus, Cyclic outbreaks of blister formation in genital and anal regions, No cure; antiviral medications lessen severity and length
Gonorrhea, Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Spread by sexual contact or from mother to baby during delivery, Treatment with antibiotics
Syphilis Caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum, Spread sexually via contact with syphilitic sore, chancre, or in utero, Treatment with antibiotics
Primary productive organs in females are ovaries.
primary productive organs in males are testes.
both females and males produce gametes known as sex cells.
Large amount of sex hormones production affects maturation, development, and activity of reproductive organs.
Hypothalamus begins to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Which stimulate the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Occurs during adolescence
external sex characteristics develop, gametes mature, and gonads being too secrete sex hormones.
Girls being puberty at ages 8-12
Boys begin puberty around ages 9-14
Girls begin 2 years prior to boys and African American girls being about 1 year before Caucasian girls.
Precocious puberty is signs of puberty developing much earlier than normal.
Ovarian follicles are site of oocyte production and sex hormone release.
Consist of oocyte surrounded by follicles cells that support oocyte.
Thousands are found in cortex.
There are 6 main types of ovarian follicle representing different stages of development.
primordial follicle is the most primitive type, primary oocyte and single flattened layer of follicle cells (primary oocyte arrested in first meiotic prophase)
1.5 million primordial follicles present at birth
primary follicle forms from maturing primordial follicle, secreting estrogen as it matures making changes in uterine lining.
Thecal cells are found on periphery of a primary follicle.
Thecal cells help control follicle development and secrete androgens converted to estrogen by granulosa cells.
secondary follicle forms from primary follicle, primary oocyte has many layers granulosa cells.
antrum is a fluid filled space, where serous fluid increases as ovulation nears.
cumulus oophorus are clusters of follicle cells surrounding oocyte.
large vesicular (mature) follicles form from secondary follicles and contain a secondary oocyte.
Secondary oocyte has completed meiosis I and is arrested in second meiotic metaphase, one made per month.
corpus luteum forms from remnants of follicles after mature follicle ruptures and oocyte expelled secreting estrogen and progesterone.
stimulate uterine lining buildup and prepares uterus for fertilized oocyte implantation.
corpus albicans forms from regressed luteum where white CT scar and most structures are completely reabsorbed.
oogenesis is the maturation of a primary oocyte to secondary oocyte that occurs in stages over females life.
oogonia are primordial germ cells in ovary before birth.
primordial germs cells start in meiosis but arrested in prophase I: primary oocytes. Remain in this stage until after puberty.
Ovaries are inactive during childhood and have no developing follicles.
400,000 follicles remain in ovaries from puberty to menopause.
Hypothalamus → GnRH → FSH and LH → ovarian cycle → 3 phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal.
Occurs during days 1-13 where around 20 primordial follicles are stimulated to mature by LH and FSH.
Follicular cells release inhibin (hormone) that helps inhibit further FSH production and prevent excessive follicle development.
primary follicles mature into secondary follicles.
usually only one matures into vesicular follicle
fluid volume increases in follicle antrum and oocyte is forced to one side of follicle where primary oocyte in vesicular follicle finishes meiosis I and for two cells.
Polar body is nonfunctional and receives minimal cytoplasm and regresses.
Cell from primary oocyte receives bulk of cytoplasm, becomes secondary oocyte, reaches metaphase II before arrested, complete meiosis if fertilized.
If secondary oocyte not fertilized it breaks down within 24 hours.
ovulation: release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle, occurs on day 14, only one ovary ovulates each month.
ovulation is induced with peak in LH secretion.
During ovulation antrum increases in size, swells, and expands until ovarian surface thins, and ruptures expelling secondary oocyte.
Remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum on days 15-28.
corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and estrogen, builds up uterine lining and has a life span of 10-13 days if oocyte not fertilized.
Menstruation is when corpus luteum regression causes drop in secreted progesterone and estrogen causing uterine shedding.
menses means sheds lining
menarche is the first menstrual cycle occurring around ages 11-12.
menopause occurs when woman stop monthly menstrual cycles for a year age 45 and 55 resulting in atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts with reduced hormones and decrease in vaginal wall thickness and uterus shrinking.
hot flashes occur with periodic elevation in body temperature.
thinning scalp hair and increased heart disease
symptoms treated with hormone replacement therapy.
after menopause no more ovarian follicles remain or follicle maturation stops and significant amounts of progesterone and estrogen no longer secreted. (no further menstrual periods)
testes are small organs housed in scrotum that produce sperm and androgens.
seminiferous tubules nourish developing sperm that release hormone inhibin when sperm count is high and contain diving sperm cells continuously producing sperm.
Inhibin inhibits HSF secretion and regulates sperm production.
Interstitial cells are stimulated to produce androgens by luteinizing hormones.
most common androgen and testosterone.
primary spermatocyte are dipped cells that undergo meiosis.
secondary spermatocytes are two cells produced by primary spermatocyte from meiosis I, haploid cells (23 chromosomes).
spermatid formed when secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II, haploid cell near seminiferous tubule lumen.
spermatogenesis is the process of sperm development that begins during puberty with significant levels of FSH and LH.
spermatogonia are primordial germ cells from which all sperm develop - some cancers develops in germ cells, diploid cells near base of seminiferous tubule.
divide by mitosis into new spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte.
mammary glands are composed of tubuloalveolar exocrine glands that secreat breast milk:
proteins, fats, lactose sugar.
mammary glands are subdivided into lobes and further into lobules.
alveoli produce milk in lactating females and are more numerous and larger during pregnancy.
nipple are mutliple tiny openings of excretory ducts that transport breast milk.
areolar glands are uneven surfaces due to sebaceous glands and often darker in womean who has given birth
parous: women who has given birth
nulliparous: women who has not given birth
lactiferous ducts expand to form lactiferous sinus
lactiferous sinus stores milk
Lactation is the releasing of breast milk and occurs in reponse to internal/extermal stimuli, being in to produce after giving birth.
prolactin is produced in anterior pituitary and responsible for milk production. With increase, mammary gland forms more and larger alveoli.
oxytocin produced by hypothalamus and released form posterior pituitary responsible for milk ejection.
ovarian cancer is primary malignancy in ovary, may originate from oocytes, CT, or surface epithelium.
ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cancer in woman. Symptoms include: constipation, urinary urgency, abdominal swelling, pelvic pain, indigestion, nausea, back pain, weigh changes.
ovarian cancer treatment includes surgery or chemotherapy.
Cervical cancer is common malignancy of female reproductive system. Most important risk factor include human papilloma virus (HPV) infection treated by vaccine.
Pap smear detects cervical cancer in early stages, epithelial cells scraped from cervix edges, and examined from abnormal development.
If cancerous cells present portion of cervix removed.
if invasive cells entire uterus removed by hysterectomy.
Paternal Age Risks for Disorders in Offspring occurs in males over 45 years of ages (morel likely to pass on genetic mutation than men in their 20s), risk increases with age:
bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, depression, attention deficient, hyperactivity disorder.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland, common in older men due to hormonal changes in aging males.
frequent urination at night, frequent and painful, can be treated with drugs
Prostate Cancer one of most common malignancies in men over 50, forms hard solid nodules in probate.
screening wit Digital rectal exam, PSA test, treated with radiation therapy or surgical removal.
Breast Cancer occurs in 1-8 women in US arising from duct epithelium. Including risk factors: Family history, longer reproductive span, obesity, nulliparity, late age at first pregnancy, specific genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), most related to increased estrogen exposure to estrogen.
Contraception Methods is the prevention of pregnancy.
absences is the only 100% way to prevent pregnancy.
rhythm method is to avoid sex during ovulation time; failure rate is about 25%.
withdrawal method is to pull out before ejaculation; fails rate is about 19%
barrier method is to prevent sperm from reaching uterine tubes (condoms, spermicidal gels, diaphragms).
lactation signals hypothalamus to prevent FSH and LH release and prevent ovulation temporarily
intrauterine devices (IUD) is flexible plastic structures inserted into uterus with copper or synthetic progesterone to help prevent implantation.
oral contraceptives or estrogen/progestin patches prevent LH spike and ovulation
injected progestins prevent ovulation and thicken mucus around cervix
morning-after pills inhibit ovulation and are taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
mifepristone is used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy and it block progesterone receptors and induces miscarriages.
tubal ligation is the process of surgically cutting uterine tubes and tying off ends to prevent sperm from reaching uterus.
vasectomy is a procedure where ductus deferent cut, segment removed, ends tied, and sperm is unable to leave testis.
Sexually Transmitted Infections are groups of infectious diseases transmitted via sexual contact that are prevented by condoms but not 100% effective. A leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disease in women:
Chlamydia is the most frequently reported in U.S., Due to Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, Most people asymptomatic, May have symptoms of vaginal discharge, painful urination, back pain, Treated with antibiotics
Genital herpes Caused by herpes simplex virus, Cyclic outbreaks of blister formation in genital and anal regions, No cure; antiviral medications lessen severity and length
Gonorrhea, Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Spread by sexual contact or from mother to baby during delivery, Treatment with antibiotics
Syphilis Caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum, Spread sexually via contact with syphilitic sore, chancre, or in utero, Treatment with antibiotics
