EXAM 1 notes

I can't directly create a Quizlet set, but I can give you the information in a format that you can easily copy and paste into Quizlet. Here's how the information could be organized into flashcards:

Flashcard Set Title: American History 1844-1877 & 1865-1898

Card 1:
Question: What was the South doing economically while the North industrialized?
Answer: The South continued to rely on an agrarian economy, primarily based on cotton production, while the North industrialized with manufacturing and infrastructure development.

Card 2:
Question: What was the Fisk/Gould scandal?
Answer: The Fisk/Gould scandal involved Jay Gould and James Fisk attempting to corner the gold market by manipulating prices and influencing the U.S. Treasury.

Card 3:
Question: What was the Credit Mobilier scandal?
Answer: A scandal in the 1870s involving bribery and kickbacks from the Credit Mobilier construction company, which overcharged the U.S. government for railroad construction.

Card 4:
Question: What was the Whiskey Ring scandal?
Answer: The Whiskey Ring scandal involved government officials and distillers defrauding the federal government of liquor taxes.

Card 5:
Question: Who was Boss Tweed; how was he able to steal so much from NYC taxpayers? How did Thomas Nast’s actions help to lead to Tweed’s downfall?
Answer: Boss Tweed was the head of the Tammany Hall political machine. He stole millions through corruption. Thomas Nast's cartoons exposed Tweed's crimes, leading to his downfall.

Card 6:
Question: Define “waving the bloody shirt.”
Answer: A political strategy used by Republicans post-Civil War to remind voters of the Union sacrifices and the horrors of the war.

Card 7:
Question: From the 1870s to 1900, what group of people did the Republican Party usually seek to support/favor?
Answer: The Republican Party favored businesses, industrialists, and Northern interests, advocating for high tariffs and pro-business policies.

Card 8:
Question: Define exodusters.
Answer: Exodusters were African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas in the late 1870s to escape discrimination and economic hardship.

Card 9:
Question: How did the federal government support railroad development during the Civil War?
Answer: The government provided land grants and financial assistance to private railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroad.

Card 10:
Question: What were the negative impacts of railroad development in the West?
Answer: Railroads led to the destruction of Native American lands, environmental degradation, and the near extinction of the buffalo.

Card 11:
Question: Miners, cattle ranchers, and farmers – what are the specifics of each (geography, behavior patterns, interactions)?
Answer:

• Miners: Focused in the West, especially during gold and silver rushes.

• Cattle ranchers: Located in Texas and Great Plains, interacting with railroads and settlers.

• Farmers: Settled in the Great Plains, facing hardships like drought and isolation.

Card 12:
Question: What economic hardships did farmers face in the late 1800s-early 1900s?
Answer: Farmers struggled with falling crop prices, high railroad rates, debt, and difficult soil.

Card 13:
Question: Define Munn v. Illinois.
Answer: A Supreme Court case that upheld the right of states to regulate private industries affecting public interest, such as railroads.

Card 14:
Question: What did Turner’s Frontier Thesis say?
Answer: Turner’s Frontier Thesis argued that the American frontier shaped U.S. democracy and character, emphasizing the importance of westward expansion.

Card 15:
Question: Why were some concerned about the 1890 Census findings?
Answer: The 1890 Census showed the frontier was closed, causing concerns about the loss of opportunities for expansion.

Card 16:
Question: What was the significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee?
Answer: The Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) was the last major conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. Army, resulting in the massacre of Lakota Sioux.

Card 17:
Question: Define assimilation.
Answer: Assimilation is the process by which minority groups adopt the customs and culture of the dominant society.

Card 18:
Question: What was the goal of A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson?
Answer: The book aimed to expose the mistreatment of Native Americans and advocate for better treatment by the U.S. government.

Card 19:
Question: Define the Dawes Severalty Act.
Answer: The Dawes Act of 1887 aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting individual parcels of land to them, leading to the loss of tribal lands.

Card 20:
Question: Who was John Muir, and what was his role in the conservation movement?
Answer: John Muir was a naturalist who founded the Sierra Club and advocated for the preservation of wilderness areas.

Card 21:
Question: What was the significance of the National Parks under T. Roosevelt?
Answer: Roosevelt expanded the national park system and created the U.S. Forest Service to preserve natural resources for future generations.

Card 22:
Question: Why did the South stay poor and why was it difficult for farmers to organize?
Answer: The South remained economically dependent on agriculture and faced racial divisions, making it difficult for farmers to unite and advocate for change.

Card 23:
Question: How were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois similar? How were they different?
Answer: Both were leaders in the African American community, but Washington advocated for vocational training, while Du Bois pushed for immediate political and social equality.

Card 24:
Question: Define the Atlanta Compromise.
Answer: The Atlanta Compromise was Booker T. Washington’s 1895 speech advocating for African Americans to accept segregation while focusing on vocational education.

Card 25:
Question: Define the Niagara Movement.
Answer: The Niagara Movement, led by W.E.B. Du Bois, was a civil rights group calling for immediate equality for African Americans.

Card 26:
Question: What was unique about Ida B. Wells' activism?
Answer: Ida B. Wells was a journalist and anti-lynching activist who challenged the social acceptance of racial violence.

Card 27:
Question: How did inventions of the late 1800s change society?
Answer: Inventions like the telephone, electric light, and alternating current revolutionized communication, industry, and daily life.

Card 28:
Question: What was urban planning like in the late 1800s?
Answer: Cities began to grow with planned transportation systems, skyscrapers, and organized infrastructure, shaping modern urban life.