slc pages 19-29

• determining post-mortem interval

• Insects that are surrounding around and feeding on the body taken into analysis (feed on internal tissue)

• After 24 hours they moult into the body 

• Feed for three days 

• Blowfly are extremely helpful

• Temp starts to go up and through the piglet as the flies feed

• Body in a suitcase found by the flies after three days (caused small delay)

• Carrion insects are used to indicate drug use- feed on tissues of the dead = possible ingestion of toxins

• Temp and season cause issues to forensic entomology

1. What’s the difference between a Modus Operandi (MO) and a signature?

Modus operandi is simply the way a particular criminal operates. If a criminal uses a pipe wrench to break into locked doors, that is his MO. The MO includes elements such as the selection of victims, choice of location, time of day, tools or weapons used, entry or exit methods, and other details related to the commission of the crime. A signature is the killer’s personal expression, an imprint he leaves at the scene (mutilation, overkill, messages etc)

-perpetrator commits one crime and series 

of linked crimes is suspected 

- MO helps the crime, signature does not 

Signatures are used in court, MO are not because they are inconsistent 

MO and signature are NOT the same

2. Explain the difference between MO and signature. Please come up with an example for both to show your understanding. (Can’t use the robbery examples I gave.) 

An example of a signature could be narrowed down to mutilations and messages that are in relation to the killer’s unique personal expression at the scene of the crime. As for MO, an example can be depicted with the concept of restraints. For instance, the criminal may use tape to bind hands and cover the mouth. However, if the victim manages to break free, the killer would have to make alterations to his plans and use something else as a replacement, causing a discrepancy in the order the killer commits his crime.  

3. Search up an infamous serial killer and identify their MO and/or signature. Describe briefly. 

Jack the Ripper:

MO: some kind of surgical device to operate on the victim

Signature: piquerism, overkill, incapacitation, domination and control, open and displayed, unusual body position, sexual degradation, mutilation, organ harvesting

4. What are the M'Naghten rules?

defendants are presumed to be sane (mentally normal) unless they can prove that–at the time of committing the criminal act–the defendant’s state of mind caused them to 

(1) not know what they were doing when they committed said act, or 

(2) that they knew what they were doing, but did not know that it was wrong

(not guilty “by reason of insanity”)

5. What’s the difference between an organized and disorganized offender?

An organized offender will carefully plan out their crime and leave little evidence; they have thoroughly, methodically prepared for their crime. A disorganized offender acts impulsively and has no plan for their crime, therefore leaving more evidence.

6. What type of item could jewelry be if taken from the crime scene? 

1. Evidentiary 

2. Valuable

3. Psychological 

4. All of the above
   
   psychological testing - testimony in court is limited

   Testing tools:

   • Projective tests: an individual’s reaction to an ambiguous stimulus reveals his or her personality (ex. Rorschach inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test)

   • Thematic Apperception Test: show the subject number of pictures and have them create a story 

   • Personality inventories: high standardized, tests or interviews that exploit personality

   Deception: 

   • malingering/simulation: feigning a mental illness

   • Dissimulation: deliberate attempt to minimize/deny symptoms of mental illness

   Insanity:

   • McNaughten rules: cognitive test of insanity

   • Hinckley decision: “guilty but mentally ill (NOT insane)” 

   • Diminished capacity: reduce degree of crime (if they were unaware) or even acquit the from charges (depending on jurisdiction) 

   • Sexual psychopath laws: 1930s mandated evaluation and treatment of sex offenders (inconclusive)

   Psychological Profiling

   • organized offenders: exhibit clear forethought in approach to the crime 

   • disorganized offenders: impulsive and thoughtless approach to crime

   • Fantasies reinforce criminal thought (the more elaborate the fantasy, the more organized and sophisticated the crime)

   • Premeditation: collection of deviant thinking into a criminal thought pattern (signature)

   Victims 

   • investigate victim’s life and lifestyle

   • items taken from the victims (trophies)

     • evidentiary - part of the perpetrator’s MO, may help identify him

     • valuable - financial gain

     • psychological - psychosexual motivation, drive, & thinking (driven by inner need); a trophy/souvenir

   • crime scene staging: acts/tampering to mislead investigation off course 

     • likely there will be crime scene inconsistencies 

   • body disposal: location and methodology are revealing 

     • victim and offender relationship, criminal sophistication level, degree of planning, attitude towards victim, whether victim represents class of people, offender knowledge of disposal site

   
   
   

   Toxicology: Chapter 10 

   1. What does toxicity of a substance depend on? 
      The toxicity of a substance depends on the dosage, duration, by-products, and nature of exposure. 

      1. What’s the difference between intentional, accidental, and deliberate exposure?

      Intentional- for pain and relief purposes (prescription/medicine)

      Accidental- taken without knowing

      Deliberate- taken with intentions of suicide

      2. What’s the difference between chronic and acute poisoning?

      Chronic- small dosage over a long period of time

      Acute- large dosage over short period of time

      3. What is used to detect drugs? Who detects them?

      1. Bodily fluids; forensics nurse

      2. Blood; forensics analyst

      3. Bodily fluids; toxicologist

      4. Stomach contents; forensics analyst 

      4. What are the forms that evidence can be in?

      • Pills, powders, liquids, botanical matter, crystals

      • Can be on clothes, objects, etc.

      • Can be in urine, blood, saliva, etc. 

      4. What are the 3 basic questions at a crime scene?

      • What substances are there?

      • Are there any illegal components? 

      • How much of each substance is there? 

      5. What are the five classes of drugs? Please describe the reactions each class of drug induces.

      Narcotics: treat pain; abuse can cause low blood pressure, weakness, confusion, coma

      Depressants: reduce body functions (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.) depressants relieve anxiety/produce sleep and are highly addictive; slow down body functions, loss of coordination, coma

      Stimulants: increase energy/alertness and suppress appetite; high blood pressure/heart rate and sometimes bleeding in the brain; depression after drug wears off

      Hallucinogens: affect perception, self-awareness, emotions and cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and dilated pupils

      Anabolic steroids: promote cell/tissue growth and division (similar to testosterone)

      6.  What are the 5 schedules of drugs? Describe them.

      • Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals 

        • defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse

      • Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals 

        • defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence

      • Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals 

        • defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
          
          Schedule IV 

          • drug abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule V

        • Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals 

          • defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence

        
        

        1.  Give some examples of drugs and identify their class and schedule.

        • Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: 

          • heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote

        • Some examples of Schedule II drugs are: 

          • Combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin

        • Some examples of Schedule III drugs are: 

          • Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosteron1e 

        • Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are: 

          • Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol

        • Some examples of Schedule V drugs are: 

          • cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin

        
        

        • presumptive testing do not provide positive identification; include:

          • colorimetric testing (produces a color change)

        • Duquenois–Levine test: For cannabis substances and TLC; purple is indication of positive result. 

        • Marquis reagent: It is used to test for the presence of drugs such as amphetamines (orange-brownish to brownish-black), opioids (purple), and MDMA (Ecstasy) (dark purple to black). 

        • Scott test: It is a colorimetric test for cocaine. The test involves the use of cobalt thiocyanate, which produces a blue color when it reacts with cocaine.

        • Dille-Koppanyi reagent: This test is used to detect the presence of barbiturates, a class of sedative-hypnotic drugs. The reagent produces a violet color when it reacts with barbiturates.

        • Van Urk Test: The Van Urk test is used to detect the presence of LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). It involves adding the Van Urk reagent to the sample, which produces a violet-blue color in the presence of LSD.

        
        

        • Immunoassays: Assays that use antibodies to detect the presence of toxins or drugs in a sample. Examples include (EIA) and (RIA).
          

• thin-layer chromatography (TLC): a technique that uses solvents traveling through a porous medium to separate compounds by their chemical reactivity.

• microscopic examination of plant matter

• microcrystalline test; put evidence into solution -> dry and place under ultraviolet spectroscopy -> examine for crystalline shape -> take measurement based on how substance responds to ultraviolet light

• gas chromatography (GC): A separation technique that uses gas flowing through a coated tube to separate compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the column coating.

• liquid chromatography (LC): A separation technique that uses liquid flowing through a coated tube to separate compounds by their size, weight, and chemical reactivity with the column coating.

• mass spectrometry A technique that identifies and quantifies the compounds in a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions produced from the sample.

• Fluorescence spectroscopy: An analytical technique that uses the release of characteristic wavelengths of radiation following the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (fluorescence) to establish a compound’s potential identity.

Confirmatory tests:

• GC-MS: Technique combining of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

• LC-MS: Technique combining of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). A technique that monitors the splitting of nuclear energy levels within a molecule when it is exposed to oscillating magnetic fields to provide information about the structure, dynamics, and composition of molecules.

Chromatography: helium is used to move gaseous mixture through absorbent material

Mass spectrometry: analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions

Tests for metal poisoning

Marsh test: A technique used to identify the presence of arsenic. 

Colorimetric Tests: Some metals can be detected using specific colorimetric reagents that produce a color change when they react with the metal ions. These tests are often used as quick and preliminary screening methods. 

• Thiocyanate Test: This test is used to detect the presence of iron(III) ions. When a thiocyanate reagent, such as potassium thiocyanate, is added to a solution containing iron(III) ions, a deep red color is formed.

Cobalt Nitrate Test: This test is used to detect the presence of chloride ions. When cobalt nitrate is added to a solution containing chloride ions, a blue color forms.

• Flame Test: This test is used to identify the presence of certain metal ions by observing the characteristic color emitted when the sample is introduced into a flame. For example, sodium ions produce a yellow flame, potassium ions produce a violet flame, and copper ions produce a green flame.

Confirmatory Tests

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): A highly sensitive technique that ionizes metal atoms in a sample and then measures their mass-to-charge ratio to identify and quantify the metals present.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS): A technique that measures the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by metal atoms to determine their concentration in a sample.

Other forms of poisoning

Cyanide (gas or salt form): Cause rapid breathing/heart rate, headache and dizziness, confusion, disorientation, nausea, seizures. (cause intense red discoloration in the stomach)

Carbon monoxide (odorless and colorless gas) poisoning:  occurs when a person inhales high levels of carbon monoxide gas, which is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and binds to hemoglobin, reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This leads to oxygen deprivation in the body's organs and tissues. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness.

Lead poisoning: Lead is a common toxic metal found in older paints, contaminated water, and certain occupational settings. It can lead to symptoms such as cognitive impairments,developmental delays (especially in children), abdominal pain, anemia, and neurological issues. (acute poisoning can have blue discoloration in the area around gums).

Mercury poisoning: Mercury is a toxic metal that can be found in certain fish, dental amalgam fillings, and certain occupational exposures. Mercury poisoning can cause neurological symptoms, including tremors, memory problems, mood changes, and muscle weakness. (acute poisoning can cause blue discoloration in skin and body parts).

Arsenic poisoning: Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that can be found in contaminated water, some pesticides, and certain industrial settings. Arsenic poisoning can lead to a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, skin changes, neurological effects, and an increased risk of cancer. (can cause skin changes; darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) in some area; nail changes such as white lines or spots on fingernails). 

Cadmium poisoning: Cadmium is a toxic metal commonly found in certain industrial workplaces, cigarette smoke, and contaminated food. Chronic exposure to cadmium can cause kidney damage, respiratory problems, bone disease, and an increased risk of cancer.

Aluminum poisoning: Aluminum toxicity can occur in cases of prolonged exposure to high levels of aluminum, such as through occupational exposure or certain medical treatments. It can lead to neurological symptoms, including memory loss, cognitive impairment, and movement

disorders.

Alcohol poisoning: Alcohol is a depressant that slows down brain and body functions. Thus, causing death in case of respiratory failure and hypothermia (excessive cold as the body in cold environment fails to regulate the body temperature). 

IMPORTANT SUBSTANCES TO KNOW

Alcohol Family

• (Ethanol) - Depressant

Source: Alcoholic beverages

Effects: Central nervous system depressant, impairs coordination, judgment, and cognition

• Acetone - not a drug, a chemical compound 

Source: Byproduct of metabolism, also found in plants

Effects: CNS depression, skin irritation, respiratory tract irritation

• Isopropanol - not a drug, a chemical compound 

Source: Synthetic production 

Effects: CNS depression, respiratory depression, skin and organ irritation

• Methanol - not a drug, a chemical compound 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: CNS depression; especially blindness, organ failures 

Opioids family

Source: Derived from the opium poppy or synthetic production

Effects: Pain relief, sedation, respiratory depression

• Morphine

Source: Poppy plant

Effects: Analgesia, sedation, and euphoria

• Heroin

Source: Synthetic production from morphine

Effects: euphoria, relaxation, drowsiness, sedation, constricted pupils, and dry mouth

• Propoxyphene 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Analgesia, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression.

• Methadone 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Reduction of opioid cravings, pain relief, opioid withdrawal symptoms.

• Oxycodone 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Analgesia, euphoria, relaxation, and sedation. 

• Hydrocodone 

Source: Synthetic production 

Effects: Analgesia, sedation, euphoria, and suppressing cough reflexes. 

All of the opioids above Can cause constipation, nausea, respiratory depression w/ high dosage and misuse. 

Phencyclidine - hallucinogen

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: feelings of detachment from reality, distorted perceptions of time and space, euphoria, hallucinations, and a sense of invulnerability. 

Phenothiazines - depressant 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: reduce the symptoms of psychosis and stabilize mood, manage severe nausea and vomiting

Antidepressants - a drug not belong to the 5 main drug types

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Mood improvement, increased energy, sleep regulation

Cocaine - Stimulant

Source: Derived from coca plant leaves

Effects: Euphoria, increased energy, and alertness, vasoconstriction- can cause hemorrhage

Lidocaine - a drug but not belong to the 5 main drug types

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Used for pain relief as signals to brain are blocked

Cannabinoids family - Can be both stimulant and depressant

Overall effects: Relaxation of muscles and mind, euphoria from those w/ THC compound. Mood regulation and sleep regulation from those with CBD compound.

• Cannabis (Marijuana) - Hallucinogenic Stimulant 

Source: The cannabis plant

Effects: Euphoria, altered perception, relaxation, impaired memory, and coordination

• Synthetic Cannabinoids (e.g., Spice, K2) 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Similar to cannabis, but can have unpredictable and more severe effects

Methamphetamine - Stimulant

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Increased energy, euphoria, agitation, cardiovascular and neurological effects

Ecstasy (MDMA) - Stimulant

Soure: Synthetic production

Effects: Increased energy, emotional warmth, heart rate, and dehydration

Benzodiazepines (e.g., Diazepam, Alprazolam) - Depressant

Source: Prescription medications

Effects: Sedation, relaxation, muscle relaxation, memory impairment

Barbiturates (e.g., Phenobarbital, Secobarbital) - Depressant

Source: Prescription medications

Effects: Sedation, sleepiness, respiratory depression, anesthesia (benzo. don't have this)

This drug is pretty much the same as benzodiazepines except it is more potent and less usage for medical purposes; hence more dangerous. 

Amphetamines - Stimulant 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Increased energy, alertness, euphoria, and cardiovascular effects

Acetaminophen - non-opioid pain reliever 

Source: Synthetic production

Effects: Analgesia, fever-reducing

Hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, Psilocybin) - Hallucinogens 

Source: Synthetic production or naturally occurring substances

Effects: Altered perception, hallucinations, changes in mood and cognition

Inhalants (e.g., Paint thinner, Nitrous oxide) 

Source: Common household or industrial products

Effects: Euphoria, dizziness, impaired coordination, organ damageGHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) - Depressant 

Source: Synthetic production or illicit manufacturing

Effects: Sedation, euphoria, amnesia, respiratory depression

Date Rape Drugs (e.g., Rohypnol, GHB, Ketamine) - Depressant 

Source: Illicitly obtained or manufactured substances

Effects: Sedation, amnesia, loss of inhibition, incapacitation

• Hemorrhaging: release of blood from broken blood vessel

• Embolism: sudden blocking of artery (air/gas embolisms are air bubbles)

• Asphyxia: interruption of oxygenation to the brain (ligature is the object used to asphyxiate, such as belt, rope, etc.)

• Exsanguination: Death caused by severe blood loss

• Allometry: is the study in which to estimate stature from long bone lengths depends on the presence of patterned and proportional relationships between the sizes of body parts

• Osteometry: the study of bone measurements

• Hypothermia: excessive cold ( w alcohol, at 5 Celicus or 41 Fahrenheit can cause death)

• Hyperthermia: excessive heat (60 Celcius or 140 Fahrenheit can cause death)

• Diatoms: organism found in fresh/saltwater; finding diatoms in bone marrow can confirm drowning

• Necropsy: Looking at the dead- a more accurate term than autopsy

• Antemortem: before death

• Perimortem: at the time of death

• Postmortem: after death

• Taphonomic assessment: assessment of the condition of the dead body in CONTEXT with the state in which it was found

• Osteon: cellular structures in bones that increase in number with age

• ADME: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

  Mathieu Orfila  (1787-1853)  Spanish/French	Founder of forensic toxicology (a branch of science regarding the effects and characteristics of poisons); worked on Marie Lafarge poisoning case Studied poisons (e.g. arsenic), their effects, and how to detect Developed systematic chemical analysis through chemical analysis or microscopic analysis  Helps determine the toxin contents in cadavers that can help with determining the cause of death of the victims.
  Sir Francis Galton  (1822-1911)  English	developed first classification system for fingerprints based on ridges pattern; published “Fingerprints” in 1892 He classifies different fingerprints into loop, arch, whorl (a pattern of spirals or concentric circles) Fun fact: he is Charles Darwin’s (the man with the theory of evolution) cousin.
  Hans Gross  (1847-1915) Austrian	Published the “first” (not really the first but its influence gives it its name) forensic science textbook in 1893 “Handbook for Examining Magistrates” or “Criminal Investigation”. The book provided comprehensive guidance on criminal investigation methods and procedures Coined w/ the term “criminalistics”- refers to forensic analysis of physical evidence using different scientific disciplines and approaches in biology, toxicology, chemistry, ballistics, odontology, anthropology, etc…  Published “Kriminologie '' in 1881 which is about criminal psychology and how law enforcement and justice systems should handle criminal cases.
  Victor Balthazard  (1872-1950)  French	M.E. who advanced fingerprint, firearm, and hair analysis; discovered that fingerprints similarity between 2 ppl are very x10 rare; used photographs to identify bullets  Made photographic method for comparing bullets  Wrote “ The Hair of Man and Animals” Study of hair with Marcelle Lambert  W/ Edmon Locard established the Institute of Criminalistics in Lyon, France, in 1910
  Alphonse Bertillon  (1853-1914) French	developed anthropometry and was the first to solve a case using fingerprints Made anthropometry/ Bertillonage- solving cases using body measurements and traits like hair or eye color.  11 body measurements  1st to use fingerprints to solve crime in Europe
  Edmond Locard  (1877-1966) French	founded Locard Exchange Principle and focused on trace evidence; established a forensic lab in 1910  Interactions between two people or a person and a place will result in a transfer of material between them  Microscopic and trace evidence (i.e. dust) -> link people to places Principle- every contact leaves a trace Increased popularity of forensic in Europe
  Calvin Goddard, Dr. (1891-1995) American	established study of firearms evidence in the US, invented bullet comparison via microscope;  established police labs Established firearms examination as evidence  Worked on many famous cases such as the Valentine’s case where he helped identify bullets from Thompsons.
  Juan Vucetich (1858-1925) Argentinian  Fingerprints	He began the first fingerprint files Western Hemisphere f.p. Pioneer Vucetich System - categorizing fingerprints based on their ridge characteristics and patterns. Vucetich's system was an expansion of the three patterns established by Galton Abandoned Bertillonage -> used f.p.  Solved first fingerprint case ever which occurred in Argentina
  Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943)  Austrian  I.D. of Blood and DNA	Nobel Prize in medicine in 1930 Discovered the major blood groups and developed the ABO system of blood typing  Identified blood types (ABO) Noted that blood type is inherited and some work for blood transfusions
  Alec Jeffreys (1950-now) DNA Typing	geneticist who developed DNA testing after discovering a special DNA segment that varies among individuals Created DNA fingerprints Allowed for DNA application
  Colin Pitchfork criminal	first criminal convicted by DNA evidence His case contributed to the reliability and future of DNA analysis in criminal investigation

Careers:

1. arson/fire investigator - investigates possible causes behind  arson cases using knowledge pyrotechnics and mechanics

2. computer/digital/cyber forensics examiner/analyst - use computer hardware to recover information that can be used in cases; studies role of technology in crimes

3. crime scene/forensic investigator/crime scene technician - secures/preserves crime scene, collects necessary evidence from crime scenes; provide proof through evidence analysis and documentation of evidence (photograph, sketches, note taking)

4. criminalist/forensic/crime scene analyst -  uses MANY investigative and scientific methods (fingerprinting, 3D imaging, firearms etc.) to figure out HOW a crime took place by attempting to reconstruct it. Differs from forensic investigator who would enagage in all processes, criminalist primarily work in labs for scientific analysis. 

5. DNA/genetic analyst/examiner - works in lab like criminalist but ONLY analyzes genetic codes from tissue samples like skin, hair, blood, saliva that help identify perpetrators and victims

6. forensic accountant/financial investigator - investigates financial statements that indicate criminal activity; audits financial and legal files

7. forensic anthropologist/skeletal analyst - diagnose dead bodies with violent force or trauma via analysis of skeletal remains.

1. forensic autopsy technician/assistant - preparing and cleaning materials, equipments, tools, and bodies; assisting pathologists during autopsy; document/record evidence. 

2. forensic nurse/forensic healthcare provider - identify and treat victims of violent acts orsexual harassment, gather, preserve, and present evidence in court

3. forensic pathologist/doctor/medical examiner - employed by government agencies and work in offices; conduct autopsies and post-mortem exams; work with law officials and provide expert opinion

4. coroner: employed by government agencies, also to have the same role as pathologist (except autopsies) but at a lower level of profession. Also has the authority to pronounce death like a pathologist. 

5. forensic psychologist/criminal psychologist - investigates criminal and victim behavior and emotion; present findings in court, especially when mental illness is prevalent; may work with offenders to reduce recidivism and promote rehabilitation.

6. forensic toxicologist/chemist/ forensic drug analyst - analyze the concentration and effects of substances (potentially toxic) present in biological fluids, tissue, etc

7. forensic serologist/biologist - identifies, analyzes, and classifies the biological fluids such as semen, blood, saliva, urine; also determines the type of blood, DNA markers, etc…  

8. forensic entomologist/forensic entomology expert/specialist -  examines insects, their life cycles and behaviors to estimate the time of death, location of a crime, and other relevant information. 

9. ballistics and toolmark technician/firearm and toolmark analyst - using microscopes and imaging technique to analyze firearms samples from bullets or cartridges and examines toolmarks on objects to determine the weapons involved. 

10. forensic linguist/language analyst - examines and analyzes written or verbal language as well as communication patterns; helped with deciphering coded messages andidentifying authorship.