Recording-2025-03-18T17:03:17.247Z

Midterm Information

Exam Date: This Thursday
Room Assignments:
- Four rooms based on last name
- Education Building and Engineering Building
Arrival Time: Students are advised to arrive early for timely exam commencement.

Covered Material:
- Lectures in the red rectangle (from color to last lecture).
- Some redundancy with Lecture 10 material noted.
Specific Content Focus:
- Second lecture of Chavez: Only need to know up to slide 25, after which material is not tested.
- Summary slide may be useful but repeats prior information.
- Proposed lecture: Focus on cochlear place code, time place code, simple differences between processes, and tinnitus.
Guest Lectures Guidance: Hard questions will not be focused on guest lectures.

MPSA and Prost Tribune: Invited by the instructor, presence may affect availability and performance during sessions.

Speech Perception:
- Essential function of the auditory system.
- Phonemes: Basic sound units of speech.
- Example: Words "kill" and "kiss" consist of three phonemes; they differ in final phonemes.
International Phonetic Alphabet Utilization:
- Helps determine sound vs. spelling.
- Displays about 5,000 languages utilizing around 850 speech sounds.

Respiration:
- Diaphragm pushes air from lungs through the trachea to larynx.
Phonation:
- Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound, which has a harmonic spectrum.
- Tone frequency changes with vocal fold tension.
Articulation:
- The act of shaping sounds using the vocal tract.
- Changes in vocal tract shape produce various phonemes.
- Peaks known as formants determine phoneme identification.

Definition: Overlapping articulation of adjacent phonemes.
Example: The phoneme 'd' in "day" vs. "do" has different formant frequencies due to anticipatory movements in vocal tract.

Motor Theory of Speech Perception:
- Suggests motor processes used in speech production are employed in reverse for understanding speech.
- McGurk Effect: Visual information influences auditory perception when there is a mismatch between what is seen and what is heard.

Initial Preferences: Infants distinguish sounds they are newly exposed to.
Language-Specific Tuning: By one year, infants lose the ability to differentiate non-native phonemes due to exposure.

Wernicke's Area (Damage Effects): Difficulty understanding speech and selecting appropriate words.
Broca's Area (Damage Effects): Trouble with speech production but comprehension is largely intact.

Cultural Prevalence: All cultures employ music for emotional regulation and social bonding.
Tonal vs. Temporal Structure: Music coordinates people through shared pitch and rhythm.

Tone Height vs. Tone Chroma:
- Tone height relates to pitch frequency.
- Tone chroma describes notes with the same octave interval.
Musical Pitch Helix: Illustrates relationship between height and chroma.

Western Music Scales:
- Major and minor scales characterized by semitone sequences.
- Consonance and dissonance defined by frequency ratios—the simpler the ratio, the more pleasant the sound.

Melody Recognition: Based on melodic contour; patterns of pitch rises and falls.
Brain Regions Processing Music: Predominantly involves the right hemisphere and parabelt regions.

Definition: Lifelong musical disabilities unrelated to exposure or brain damage.
Acquired vs. Congenital Amusia: Both exhibit issues with tone perception but have different origins.

Definition: The rare ability to identify or produce notes without any reference.
Influences: Genetic factors and early music training are critical for developing absolute pitch.