EDUCATION AND BRITISH RULE

*Education before British- There were pathshalas and Madrasas

• Boys were home schooled also sent to schools

• William Arnold-Students memorized texts without understanding

• Sanskrit Schools- Hindu religion, Philosophy, Logic, Law

• Persian Schools(maktabs)-Persian language, law, philosophy, Poetry, Geometry, Astronomy

  *Education During British rule- 1781 Warren hastings- Calcutta madrasa to teach Muslim law

• 1791-sanskrit college in Banaras

• Fort William college-1801 to teach Indian law, customs, History

• Lord Minto Governer general of India (1807-12)

  • Anglicists and Orientalists

• 1813-Charter Act-renewed company rule for 20 years

• Anglicists-group advocated introduction of western studies, science, philosophy, literature in English medium

• Orientalists- promoted Persian, Sanskrit, Arabic learning

  • English education act-1835-Thomas Macauly- Argued for adoption of western education in India (Memorandum on Indian Education-Macauly’s Minute)

  • Elementary education neglected in English medium

  • 1844- only people educated in English medium will get gov. jobs

  • Vernacular Schools-secondary status

  • Features of Wood’s Despatch 1854- promotion of western education using English

  • offering grants-private schools-hiring qualified teachers

  • set up universities modelled in London in-Bombay, Madras, Calcutta

  • Due importance to set up technical college for vocational Instruction

  • Departments of education in areas- monitor- work of institutions, provide financial aid

  • Establish teacher training institutes

  • IMPACT OF WESTERN EDUCATION- teachers lost freedom to what and how to teach-become government servants with low salary

  • education was too expensive

  • three out of four children without education

  • scientific technical education lagged behind

  • Indian students had no exposure to their culture- thought of it as embarrassment than pride

  • it spread modern ideas rationalism (everything should be based on reason not on emotions or religious beliefs), Democracy, Nationalism, Scientific Spirit

  • No longer limited to a caste or group

    • INDIAN REFORMERS- Indian intelligentsia (book mein dekh liyo mtlb) wanted more importance given to Indian culture

    • Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)- early supporter of western education -set up Hindu college-calcutta-1817 with David hare

    • Founded Vedanta college (combination of Indian& Western education)

      • Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-91) -advocate for women education- principal of Sanskrit college

      • Theosophical society lead by-Annie Besant (1847-1933)- set up schools for boys& girls

        • founder of central HINDU college at Benares in 1898 later known as Benares Hindu university

        • ARYA SAMAJ- Dayanand Saraswati (1824-83) instituted DAV- Dayanand Anglo Vedic- taught western while teaching Indian values

        • Ramakrishna Mission (1897)- Founded by Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)-advocated for combining western Science with Vedanta

        • Muslim emphasized modern education after the Revolt of 1857

        • Upliftment of Muslim women, worsening economic conditioning of people- for addressing these issues- Mohammedan Literary society in Calcutta

        • ALIGARH- Colonial government replacing Persian as the language of law courts caused anxiety in Muslims (1842)

        • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan- a social reformist recognised need of Muslims to be expert (proficient) in English, Western science

        • Initially did religious study

        • Soon realised importance of western education in his community for development

        • 1864-set up scientific society of Aligarh to translate western scientific work in Urdu

        • Founder of-Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College (based on oxford, Cambridge)

        • it conveyed (imparted) western education without compromising Islamic values

        • It had Hindu, Muslim teachers and students

        • 1920-Aligarh Muslim University

        • 1886-Syed started All India Muhammadan Educational Conference -Aim-Muslim managed educational insitutions across country

        • BARODA- no British education in princely states

          • Mayo college-Ajmer

          • Scindia school-Gwalior (both started to educate prince)

          • Maharaja Sayajirao III of Baroda (1863-1939)-understood importance of educational reforms

          • interest in- Art, Science, Culture

          • instituted-Administrative, Educational reforms

          • 1906- primary education free and compulsory in his kingdom

          • 1945-literacy rate high than British India

          • encouraged-women education, Sanskrit, Indological Study, Fine arts

          • Setup- Maharaja Sayajirao University completed by his grandson-Sir Pratapsinghrao Gaekwad (also started a trust fulfilling educational requirement of Baroda till date)

          • NATIONAL EDUCATION- Reaction Against suppression by British

          • Satish Chandra Mukherjee - instituted national council of education (NCE) (1906)- Impart learning in vernacular language while teaching English and Ancient Indian history, philosophy, logic, law

          • it influenced founding of- Kashi Vidyapeeth& Jamia Milia Islamia

          • RABINDRANATH TAGORE-

          • 1901- Visva Bharati at Shantiniketan (near Calcutta)-started with only 5 students

          • Fine arts, music, dance were given importance

          • classes conducted outdoors

          • aimed to impart the best of EAST and WEST

          • Satyajit Ray-filmmaker

          • Amartya Sen-economist (both studied at Shantiniketan)

          • Visva Bharati recognised as a UNIVERSITY in 1951

          • MAHATMA GANDHI-

          • Nai Talim-basic education for all

          • Advocated teaching of Indian history, philosophy, law in schools

          • envisioned a system where children pay equal attention to-mental, spiritual, physical growth

          • wished to add handicrafts (spinning, weaving, pottery)

          • Wanted schools to support themselves-only way education could reach masses and economically independent would free them from government

          • SIR AUROBINDO- believed that main goal of education was to achieve universal harmony of humankind

          • Proposed-Integral Education -wholesome transformation of learner’

          • EDUCATION POWER AND CULTURAL IDENTITY- education had a deep influence of nationalism as Indians were exposed-freedom, self-rule, democracy

          • being removed from their own culture many people searched for their identity which lead to rediscovery of Indian culture

          • Many people opposed western education claiming that it was harmful for Indian culture

          • evolution of education in India was ac complex and long process.