• Patent: The exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a specified period (usually 17 years), granted by the federal government to the inventor if the device or process is novel, useful, and non-obvious

• Copyright: The body of law relating to a property right in an original work of authorship (such as a literary, musical, artistic, photographic, or film work), giving the holder the exclusive right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, and display the work.

• Trademark: A word, phrase, logo, or other graphic symbol used by a manufacturer or seller to distinguish its product or products from those of others.

• Antitrust: the body of law designed to protect trade and commerce from restraining monopolies, price fixing, and price discrimination.

• Securities and banking regulation: the body of law protecting the public by regulating the registration, offering, and trading of securities (“titres ou valeurs mobilières”) and the regulation of banking practices.

Disputes between citizens of different states or between a citizen and an alien