Macromolecules

Organic Molecules

• What is an organic molecule

• Process that builds polymers- Dehydration synthesis

• Process that breaks down monomers- Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

• C,H, O (in a 1:2:1 ratio)

• Structure/Function: provides both energy and structure to many organisms

• Monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose)

• Disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)

• Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen)

Lipids

• Made of: glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic).

• C,H,O(No ratio)

• Phospholipid

• Triglycerides

• Steroids

Proteins

Structure of amino acids :

An R-Group is a side chain attached to the α-carbon of all amino acids. It decides the chemical versatility of the amino acid. For example, some R-Groups carry a charge, creating a polar molecule. Some R-groups are hydrophobic or hydrophillic.

Peptide Bond:

Protein Folding

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Structure:

Denaturation happens when there is a change in pH and temperature. Denaturation is the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure.

Enzymatics

Substrate**:** a molecule that an enzyme reacts with.

Active Site**:** the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind.

Enzyme**:** proteins that help speed up metabolism.

Enyme-Substrate Complex**:** a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme comes into perfect contact with its substrate.

Nucleic Acids

Structure/Function

Building blocks

DNA vs. RNA

Base pairing