Untitled Flashcards Set

Part 1: New Deal Terms

1. New Deal – Phrase used to describe all of Franklin Roosevelt’s policies and programs to combat the Great Depression

2. Brain Trust – FDR’s reform-minded intellectual advisers, who conceived much of the New Deal legislation

3. Hundred Days – Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that rapidly passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation and handed the president sweeping power

4. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – The early New Deal agency that worked to solve the problems of unemployment and conservation by employing youth in reforestation and other beneficial tasks

5. Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins, that provided jobs in areas from road building to art

6. Blue Eagle – Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

7. Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) – New Deal farm agency that attempted to raise prices by paying farmers to reduce their production of crops and animals

8. Dust Bowl – The drought-stricken plains areas from which hundreds of thousands of Okies and Arkies were driven during the Great Depression

9. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – New Deal agency that aroused strong conservative criticism by producing low-cost electrical power while providing full employment, soil conservation, and low-cost housing to an entire region

10. Social Security Act – New Deal program that financed old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and other forms of income assistance

11. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) – The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board

12. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading

13. American Liberty League – Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as economic royalists in the campaign of 1936

14. Court-Packing Plan – Roosevelt’s highly criticized scheme for gaining Supreme Court approval of New Deal legislation

15. Keynesian Economics – Economic theory of British economist who held that governments should run deliberate deficits to aid the economy in times of depression

Part 2: Matching People, Places, and Events

1. g – Franklin D. Roosevelt – Former New York governor who roused the nation to action against the depression with his appeal to the “forgotten man”

2. e – Eleanor Roosevelt – Presidential wife who became an effective lobbyist for the poor during the New Deal

3. l – Francis E. Townsend – Leader of senior citizen movement who called for the federal government to pay $200 a month to everyone over sixty

4. j – Harry Hopkins – Former New York social worker who became an influential FDR adviser and head of several New Deal agencies

5. b – Father Coughlin – The “microphone messiah” of Michigan whose mass radio appeals turned anti–New Deal and anti-Semitic

6. f – Huey “Kingfish” Long – Louisiana senator and popular mass agitator who promised to make “every man a king” at the expense of the wealthy

7. n – George W. Norris – Vigorously progressive senator from Nebraska whose passionate advocacy helped bring about the New Deal’s Tennessee Valley Authority

8. k – Harold Ickes – Former bull moose progressive who spent billions of dollars on public building projects while carefully guarding against waste

9. c – John Steinbeck – Writer whose best-selling novel portrayed the suffering of Dust Bowl Okies in the Thirties

10. o – John L. Lewis – Domineering boss of the mine workers’ union who launched the CIO

11. h – Frances Perkins – Roosevelt’s secretary of labor, America’s first female cabinet member

12. a – Alfred M. Landon – Republican who carried only two states in a futile campaign against “The Champ” in 1936

13. i – Ruth Benedict – Prominent 1930s social scientist who argued that each culture produced its own type of personality

14. m – John Maynard Keynes – British economist whose theories helped justify New Deal deficit spending

15. d – Mary McLeod Bethune – As Director of Minority Affairs for the National Youth Administration, the highest Black official in the Roosevelt administration

1. Ohio Gang – Poker-playing cronies from Harding’s native state who contributed to the morally loose and corrupt atmosphere in his administration

2. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital – Supreme Court ruling that removed women’s workplace protection, invalidated a minimum wage for women, and undermined the earlier Court decision in Muller v. Oregon

3. American Legion – World War I veterans’ group that vigorously promoted militant patriotism, political conservatism, and economic benefits for former servicemen

4. Five-Power Naval Treaty – Agreement emerging from the Washington Disarmament Conference that reduced naval strength and established a 5:5:3 ratio of warships among the major naval powers

5. Kellogg-Briand Pact – Toothless international agreement of 1928 that pledged nations to outlaw war

6. Teapot Dome – Naval oil reserve in Wyoming that gave its name to one of the major Harding administration scandals

7. McNary-Haugen Bill – Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by the president, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad

8. Dawes Plan – American-sponsored arrangement for rescheduling German reparations payments that opened the way to private American bank loans to Germany

9. Hoovercrats – Southern Democrats who turned against their party’s wet, Catholic nominee and voted for the Republicans in 1928

10. Hawley-Smoot Tariff – Sky-high tariff bill of 1930 that deepened the depression and caused international financial chaos

11. Black Tuesday – The climactic day of the October 1929 Wall Street stock-market crash

12. Hoovervilles – Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

13. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) – Hoover-sponsored federal agency that provided loans to hard-pressed banks and businesses after 1932

14. Bonus Army – Encampment of unemployed veterans who were driven out of Washington by General Douglas MacArthur’s forces in 1932

15. Manchuria – The Chinese province invaded and overrun by the Japanese army in 1932

Part 2: Matching People, Places, and Events

1. i – Warren G. Harding – Weak-willed president whose easygoing ways opened the door to widespread corruption in his administration

2. g – Charles Evans Hughes – Strong-minded leader of Harding’s cabinet and initiator of major naval agreements

3. h – Andrew Mellon – Wealthy industrialist and conservative secretary of the treasury in the 1920s

4. m – Henry Sinclair – Wealthy oilman who bribed cabinet officials in the Teapot Dome scandal

5. e – John Davis – Weak, compromise Democratic candidate in 1924

6. d – Albert B. Fall – Harding’s interior secretary, convicted of taking bribes for leases on federal oil reserves

7. f – Harry Daugherty – U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding’s corrupt Ohio Gang who was forced to resign in administration scandals

8. o – Calvin Coolidge – Tight-lipped Vermonter who promoted frugality and pro-business policies during his presidency

9. l – Robert La Follette – Leader of a liberal third-party insurgency who attracted little support outside the farm belt

10. k – Herbert Hoover – Secretary of commerce through much of the 1920s, whose reputation for economic genius became a casualty of the Great Depression

11. c – Al Smith – The “Happy Warrior” who attracted votes in the cities but lost them in the South

12. a – Black Tuesday – The worst single event of the great stock market crash of 1929

13. b – Charles Dawes – Negotiator of a plan to reschedule German reparations payments and Calvin Coolidge’s vice president after 1925

14. n – Douglas MacArthur – Commander of the troops who forcefully ousted the army of unemployed veterans from Washington in 1932

15. j – Henry Stimson – Hoover’s secretary of state, who sought sanctions against Japan for its aggression in ManchuriaRed Scare – The public panic of 1919–1920, spawned by fear of Bolshevik revolution, that resulted in the arrest and deportation of many political radicals

16. Ku Klux Klan – Hooded defenders of Anglo-Saxon and Protestant values against immigrants, Catholics, and Jews

17. Immigration Act of 1924 – Restrictive legislation that reduced the number of newcomers to the United States and discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

18. Cultural Pluralism – Theory advocated by Bourne, Kallen, and others that immigrants should be able to retain elements of their traditions within a diverse America, rather than being forced to melt all differences

19. Prohibition – National policy created by the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, which led to widespread lawbreaking and the rise of organized crime

20. Scopes Trial – Legal battle over teaching evolution that pitted modern science against Fundamentalist religion

21. Model T – Henry Ford’s cheap, rugged, mass-produced automobile

22. The Birth of a Nation – D. W. Griffith’s epic film of 1915 about the Reconstruction era that prompted protests and boycotts by African Americans

23. Radio – One of the few new consumer products of the 1920s that encouraged people to stay at home rather than pulling them away from home and family

24. Birth Control Movement – Movement led by feminist Margaret Sanger that contributed to changing sexual behaviors, especially for women

25. Jazz – Syncopated style of music created by blacks that first attained widespread national popularity in the 1920s

26. Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) – Marcus Garvey’s self-help organization that proposed the resettlement of blacks in Africa

27. The American Mercury – H. L. Mencken’s monthly magazine that led the literary attack on traditional moral values, the middle class, and Puritanism

28. This Side of Paradise – F. Scott Fitzgerald’s influential first novel of 1920 that celebrated youth and helped set the tone for the emerging jazz age of the decade

29. Harlem Renaissance – The explosion of creative expression in a district of New York City that encouraged African American artists, writers, and musicians to celebrate their racial pride

Part 2: Matching People, Places, and Events

1. e – A. Mitchell Palmer – U.S. attorney general who rounded up thousands of alleged Bolsheviks in the Red Scare of 1919–1920

2. c – Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti – Italian American anarchists whose trial and execution aroused widespread protest

3. g – Al Capone – Top gangster of the 1920s, eventually convicted of income-tax evasion

4. l – John Dewey – Leading American philosopher and proponent of progressive education

5. h – William Jennings Bryan – Former presidential candidate who led the fight against evolution at the 1925 Scopes Trial

6. d – Henry Ford – Mechanical genius and organizer of the mass-produced automobile industry

7. j – Bruce Barton – A leader of the new advertising industry, author of a pro-business interpretation of Jesus in The Man Nobody Knows

8. a – Langston Hughes – The Poet Laureate of Harlem and author of The Weary Blues

9. m – Charles A. Lindbergh – Wholesome, shy aviation pioneer who became a cultural hero of the 1920s for his pathbreaking flight

10. o – Marcus Garvey – Jamaican-born leader who enhanced African American pride despite his failed migration plans

11. k – Randolph Bourne – Cosmopolitan intellectual who advocated cultural pluralism and said America should be “not a nationality but a trans-nationality”

12. f – H. L. Mencken – Baltimore writer who criticized the supposedly narrow and hypocritical values of American society

13. n – F. Scott Fitzgerald – Minnesota-born writer whose novels were especially popular with young people in the 1920s

14. b – Ernest Hemingway – Innovative writer whose novels reflected the disillusionment of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism

15. i – Gertrude Stein – Experimental writer whose Paris salon became a gathering place for American writers and artists in the 1920s