1. Cartilage Basics
Q: What are the three types of cartilage?
A: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Q: Where is hyaline cartilage found?
A: Joints, nose, ribs, larynx, and trachea
Q: What makes elastic cartilage different?
A: It contains elastic fibers, allowing it to bend (found in ear & epiglottis).
Q: What is the strongest type of cartilage?
A: Fibrocartilage – found in intervertebral discs & knee menisci.
2. Bone Functions
Q: What are the five main functions of bones?
A: Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism.
Q: How does bone help with energy metabolism?
A: Osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin, which regulates energy and fat storage.
3. Bone Composition & Cells
Q: What are the two main components of bone?
A:
Organic (35%) – Cells, collagen fibers → flexibility
Inorganic (65%) – Mineral salts (calcium phosphate) → hardness
Q: What are the four types of bone cells?
A: Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
Q: What is the function of osteoblasts?
A: Build bone by producing the bone matrix (osteoid).
Q: What do osteoclasts do?
A: Break down bone to release calcium.
4. Bone Structure & Types
Q: What are the four types of bones?
A: Long, short, flat, irregular.
Q: Give an example of each type of bone.
A:
Long – Femur
Short – Carpals
Flat – Sternum
Irregular – Vertebrae
Q: What are the two types of bone tissue?
A: Compact bone (dense outer layer) & spongy bone (internal network).
Q: What is the hollow space inside long bones called?
A: Medullary cavity – filled with yellow marrow (fat storage).
5. Bone Development & Growth
Q: What is ossification (osteogenesis)?
A: The process of bone tissue formation.
Q: What type of ossification forms skull bones?
A: Intramembranous ossification.
Q: What is the main cartilage type involved in endochondral ossification?
A: Hyaline cartilage.
Q: What is the function of the epiphyseal (growth) plate?
A: Helps bones grow in length.
Q: When does bone growth stop?
A: When the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse (end of adolescence).
Q: What type of growth allows bones to become wider?
A: Appositional growth.
6. Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth
Q: Which hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plates?
A: Growth hormone.
Q: What does thyroid hormone do for bones?
A: Ensures proper proportions.
Q: What do sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) do?
A: Promote growth during puberty and later close growth plates.
7. Bone Remodeling & Repair
Q: What happens to bones over time?
A: They are constantly being broken down and rebuilt (remodeled).
Q: Which cells are responsible for bone deposition?
A: Osteoblasts.
Q: Which cells are responsible for bone resorption?
A: Osteoclasts.
Q: How often is spongy bone replaced?
A: Every 3–4 years.
Q: How often is compact bone replaced?
A: Every 10 years.
8. Bone Fractures & Healing
Q: What type of fracture does NOT break the skin?
A: Simple (closed) fracture.
Q: What type of fracture pierces the skin?
A: Compound (open) fracture.
Q: What are the four stages of bone healing?
Hematoma Formation – Blood clot forms.
Fibrocartilage Callus – Soft repair tissue forms.
Bony Callus – Hard bone replaces soft tissue.
Bone Remodeling – Bone returns to normal shape.
9. Bone Disorders
Q: What is osteoporosis?
A: A condition where bones become weak due to low bone mass.
Q: What causes osteoporosis?
A: Bone resorption (breakdown) outpaces bone deposition.
Q: Who is most at risk for osteoporosis?
A: Women after menopause.
Q: What is osteomalacia?
A: Soft bones due to poor mineralization (in adults).
Q: What is rickets?
A: Soft bones due to vitamin D deficiency (in children).
Q: What is osteosarcoma?
A: A type of bone cancer.
10. Bone Changes Throughout Life
Q: What happens to bone formation in young children?
A: Bone formation is faster than bone breakdown.
Q: What happens to bones in old age?
A: Bone resorption (breakdown) becomes faster than bone formation → bone loss.
Knowt
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