Untitled Flashcards Set

Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology 1. What is the defini6on of psychology? a. Define science. b. Define behavior. c. Define mental processes. 2. What is cri/cal thinking? How does cri6cal thinking help us make beEer decisions? 3. What is the empirical method? 4. Who is Wilhelm Wundt? 5. Who is William James? 6. What is the difference between structuralism and func/onalism? 7. What do each of the following contemporary approaches emphasize or focus on? a. Biological/neuroscience b. Behavioral c. Psychodynamic • Who is Sigmund Freud? d. Humanis/c e. Cogni/ve f. Evolu/onary g. Sociocultural • Provide a defini6on/descrip6on of culture and provide examples of culture. h. Biopsychosocial 8. What is a variable? 9. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis? Which one comes first? 10. What is an opera/onal defini/on? 11. Define descrip/ve research and iden6fy the types of descrip6ve research. a. Define case study and provide an example. 12. Define correla/onal research and provide an example. a. Interpret a correla/on coefficient including the direc6on and strength of the correla6on. b. Explain why researchers are not able to explain causa/on (X causes Y) using correla/onal research. 13. What is an experiment? a. What does random assignment mean and why is it important? b. What are the two types of variables in an experiment? c. What is the difference between independent and dependent variables? d. In an experiment, who is in the experimental group? Who is in the control group? e. Why does a researcher need both an experimental group and a control group? 14. Define placebo. What is a placebo effect? 15. What is the difference between popula/on and sample? 16. What does it mean to have a random sample? 17. What is a naturalis/c observa/on? 18. Who is Francis Cecil Sumner, Ph.D.? Iden6fy a few unique facts about. Dr. Sumner and how he contributed to the field of psychology. Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior 1. What is plas/city? When is the brain more plas6c? 2. What are the major divisions of the nervous system? 3. Iden6fy the two structures of the central nervous system. 4. What is the peripheral nervous system? Describe its func6on. 5. Iden6fy and describe the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system. 6. Iden6fy the two parts of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the func6on of the sympathe/c nervous system and parasympathe/c nervous system. 7. What is stress? 8. What are stressors? Provide examples of stressors. 9. Explain the fight-or-flight reac/on to stress as one of the nervous system func6ons. Provide 2-3 examples of how the fight-or-flight reac6on works in your body. 10.Define neurons. 11.Define the following parts of the neuron: dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, synapse. 12.What is the di:erence between res/ng poten/al, ac/on poten/al, and all or nothing principle? 13.What are neurotransmitters? What is the function of the following neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, oxytocin? 14.What is the difference between agonist and antagonist? 15. What is the func6on of the medulla? 16. What is the func6on of the cerebellum? 17. What is the func6on of the brain stem? 18. What is the func6on of the re/cular forma/on? 19.What is the function of the limbic system? 20.What is the function of the amygdala? What may happen if you have damage to the amygdala? 21. What is the role of the hippocampus? What can happen if your hippocampus is damaged? 22. What is the func6on of the thalamus? 23. What is the func6on of the basal ganglia? 24. What is the func6on of the hypothalamus? 25.What is the cerebral cortex? What are the functions of the cerebral cortex? 26.Describe the main functions of the 4 lobes including frontal lobes, parietal lobe temporal lobes, and occipital lobes. 27.What is the function of the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex? 28.What is the corpus callosum? What is the function of the corpus callosum? 29.Who is Brenda Milner, Ph.D.? Iden6fy a few unique facts about. Dr. Milner and how she contributed to the field of psychology. Chapter 3: Sensa/on and Percep/on 1. What is the di:erence between sensation and perception? 2. Explain bottom-up processing and give an example when you would use it. 3. Explain top-down processing and give an example when you would use it. 4. What are sensory receptors? 5. What is the absolute threshold? Provide an example. 6. What is the difference threshold (just no6ceable difference)? Provide an example. 7. What is signal detec/on theory? Provide an example. 8. Define selective attention and give an example. 9. Define perceptual set. 10.Define sensory adaptation and give an example. 11. Define re/na, rods, and cones. 12. What is the visual cortex? 13. What are feature detectors? 14. Compare and contrast the trichroma/c theory and opponent-process theory. 15. What is the figure ground rela/onship? 16. What is gestalt psychology? 17. What is depth percep/on? 18. What is the difference between binocular cues and monocular cues? 19.What does the term perceptual constancy mean? Give examples of size constancy, shape constancy, and color constancy. 20. What is the cochlea? 21. Define kinesthe/c sense. 22. Define ves/bular sense. 23. Who is Chris/ne Ladd-Franklin, Ph.D.? Iden6fy a few unique facts about. Dr. Ladd-Franklin and how she contributed to the field of psychology. Chapter 4: States of Consciousness 1. What is stream of consciousness? 2. What is consciousness? Describe its two parts. 3. What is the re/cular ac/va/ng system? 4. Describe the following levels of awareness o Higher-level consciousness o Lower-level consciousness o Altered states of consciousness o Subconscious awareness o No awareness: unconscious thought 5. What is the di:erence between controlled processes and automatic processes? 6. How do our circadian rhythms impact our daily lives? What do they involve? 7. What is the suprachiasma/c nucleus? 8. What are the stages of non-REM sleep? What happens in each stage? 9. What is REM sleep? What happens during REM? 10.What are the characteristics of the following sleep disorders: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea? 5. What is the difference between manifest content and latent content in dreams? 6. What is the cogni/ve theory of dreaming? 7. What is the ac/va/on-synthesis hypothesis for dreaming? 8. Define tolerance and discuss how it impacts the body's response to a drug over time. 9. What is the di:erence between physical dependence and psychological dependence? 10. Explain the concept of addiction. 11.Describe the signs or symptoms of substance use disorder 12.What are psychoactive drugs and what are the three main categories? 13. How do depressants impact the body? Identify some commonly used depressants. 14. How do stimulants impact the body? Identify some commonly used stimulants. 15. How do hallucinogens impact the body? Identify some commonly used hallucinogens. 16.What are opioids and how do most people first encounter them? 17.What is meditation? What are the benefits of meditation? 18.Who is Carl L. Hart, Ph.D.? Iden6fy a few unique facts about. Dr. Hart and how he contributed to the field of psychology. Chapter 5: Learning 1. What is learning? 2. What is behaviorism? 3. What does observational learning mean? Provide an example of observational learning. 4. What is classical conditioning? a. Define the following concepts: unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), neutral stimulus (NS), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR). Be able to apply these concepts to a real-life example of classical conditioning. For example, you need to be able to identify the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR when given an example of classical conditioning. b. Define acquisi/on, ex/nc/on, and spontaneous recovery. Understand when these take place during classical condi6oning. c. What is the di:erence between generaliza/on and discrimina/on? d. Understand Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment with dogs and salivation. Be able to identify the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR in the experiment. e. Understand Watson’s classical condi/oning experiment with Lible Albert. Be able to identify the US, UR, NS, CS, and CR in the experiment, as well as generalization and discrimination. f. What is countercondi/oning? g. What is aversive condi/oning? Provide an example. h. What is habitua/on? 5. What is operant conditioning? Who is B.F. Skinner? a. What is reinforcement? What is the di:erence between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement? Provide examples of each. b. What is punishment? What is the di:erence between positive punishment and negative punishment? Provide examples of each. c. What is shaping? Provide an example of shaping. d. What is learned helplessness? Provide an example. e. What is the difference between primary reinforcer and secondary reinforcer? 6. What is latent learning or implicit learning? 7. What is insight learning? Who is Martha E. Bernal, Ph.D.? Iden6fy a few unique facts about. Dr. Bernal and how she contributed to the field of psychology