**Guillaume Dufay** is one of the most important composers of the 1400s
**Habsburgs** is a ruling dynasty of the HRE, one of the wealthiest landholders in the Empire
**Hanseatic League** a commercial and defensive alliance along coast of northern Europe, to protect economic privileges of coastal cities and states visited by merchants
**Henry VII** is a King of England, established Tudor Dynasty by overthrowing Richard III
**Hermeticism** is set of beliefs stressing astrology, alchemy, and magic as well as theological and philosophical speculations
House of Medici
Prominent banking family from the Republic of Florence, founded most successful European bank of the 15th century
humanism
literary and linguistic movement in an attempt to revive classical Latin
Individualism
ideology that stressed the goals, desires, and moral worth of the individual
Isabella
Queen of Spain, wife of Ferdinand
Louis XI
King of France, also known as the Spider, he generated a sound source of revenue for the government with the Taille
Ludovico Sforza
Milanese duke who invited French to intervene in Italian politics, allowing the French bring an army and occupy Naples
madrigal
poem set to music, originating from 14th century Italian courts, written for 5 to 6 voices
Marcilio Ficino
known for translating Plato and the exposition of Neoplatonism
Marsilio Ficino
Began neoplatonism, translated Plato
Masaccio
Early Italian renaissance painter, painted Tribute Money
Matthias Corvinus
King of Hungary who patronized the new humanist culture
Michelangelo
Italian painter, sculptor, and architect, known for painting the Sistine Chapel and creating the Statue of David
Botticelli
Italian painter whose interest in Greek and Roman mythology is reflected in his famous Primavera
Bramante
Italian Renaissance architect, known for designing the Tempietto and Saint Peter's Basilica
Brunelleschi
Italian architect, designed the Dome of the Duomo and the Church of San Lorenzo
Cosimo de'Medici
The first of the Medici political dynasty, he took control of the Republic of Florence and made it his oligarchy
diplomatic system
the system of negotiations between ambassadors from different states
Donatello
Italian sculptor, created life-size statue David, shown with the head of Goliath at his feet
dowry
Payment or property that is brought to a marriage by the bride's family to give to the groom's
Execrabilis
Papal bull condemning appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical
Federigo da Montefeltro
Ruler of Urbino, known as a great patron of Renaissance culture
Ferdinand
King of Aragon who fought to dominate Naples
Ferdinand
King of Spain and Aragon, husband of Isabella, fought to dominate Naples
Florence
an oligarchic "republic" located in what is now western Italy, conquered by Cosimo De'Medici
Francesco Guicciardini
Italian historian, wrote History of Italy and History of Florence
Francis I
Son of Charles VIII, continued to fight to dominate Naples
Francisco Sforza
Conquered Milan after the death of the last Visconti, established himself as duke of the city
Isabella d'Este
known as "the first lady of the world," she was widely known for her wisdom, intellect, and clever negotiations
Ivan III
Russian king, formed the Principality of Moscow, expelled Mongols from the land
Jacob Burckhardt
Swiss historian who studied art and culture, crediting Italians with birth of the Renaissance. Wrote The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter, known for his famous painting of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Johannes Gutenberg
First European to use printing with movable metal type
John Hus
Chancellor who attacked the excessive power of the papacy, later burned at the stake by Council of Constance
John Wyclif
English theologian from Oxford who challenged the pope and rituals of the medieval Church
L'umo universale
a social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person
Leonardo Bruni
A humanist, writer of The New Cicero
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian renaissance painter, known for his diversely varied talents and his masterpieces The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and The Virgin and the Child
liberal studies
studies offered at Vittorino's school including history, philosophy, eloquence, language arts, math, astronomy, and music
Lorenzo the Magnificent
A leading citizen of Florence, he contributed large sums of money to artists so they could create master works of art
Lorenzo Valla
Papal secretary who wrote The Elegances of the Latin Language, tried to purify Latin
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Albrecht Durer
German painter, known for his painting Adoration of the Magi, greatly affected by Italians
balance of power
concept designed to prevent the enlargement of one state at the expense of others
Baldassare Castiglione
Italian writer who wrote The Book of the Courtier
Battista Sforza
Wife of Federigo da Montefeltro, she governed Urbino in her husband's absence
Charles I
Spanish king who continued to fight to dominate Naples after Ferdinand's death, his armies led the Sack of Rome
Charles VIII
King of France who brought army and occupied Naples
civic humanism
humanism that includes involvement in politics with intellect
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Milan
a duchy located in what is now northwestern Italy, conquered by Francisco Sforza
Naples
a kingdom located in what is now southern Italy. Known for its weakness; France and Aragon fought to dominate it
neoplatonism
Platonic philosophy, based on the ideas of hierarchy of substance and spiritual love
nepotism
Favoritism granted to family members regardless of merit, used among Popes
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine diplomat and Republican, sent into exile after Medici family returned to power, wrote The Prince
Ottoman Turks
Advanced rapidly on Eastern Europe, capturing land and ending the Byzantine Empire, beginning their own empire. Eventually faced off against HRE
Papal States
a theocratic state controlled by the pope, located in what is now central Italy
Peace of Lodi
a peaceful, 40 year era in Italy after 50 years of warfare, created alliance system (Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and The Papacy)
Petrarch
One of Europe's greatest lyric poets. Wrote in vernacular Italian, known as the Father of Humanism
Pico Della Mirandola
A prominent Italian intellect, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man
Raphael
Italian painter and architect, known for his work School of Athens
Renaissance
word meaning rebirth, a significant cultural movement from 14th to 17th centuries with huge innovations in art, music, literature, and intellect
Renaissance slavery
The purchase, ownership, or other trafficking of humans as property during the Renaissance
Second Estate
A division of middle age society that included nobility like earls, counts, barons, dukes, and kings
The Book of the Courtier
A popular handbook among aristocrats in Italy for many centuries, describing the attributes of the perfect courtier
the Lollards
a group John Wyclif's followers
The New Cicero
a biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero, written by Leonardo Bruni
The Prince
book written by Niccolo Machiavelli, giving concrete expression to Renaissance political power
Third Estate
A division of middle age society that included peasants, poor people, and slaves
Urbino
once a city-state in central Italy, became a center of culture and intellect
Venice
a "republic" located in what is now northeastern Italy, began to conquer more land to expand its food and trade
Vittorino
He founded a school in Mantua which provided a humanist education for children (just boys)
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