Untitled Flashcards Set

KOREAN

L-shaped Hanok - It’s characterized by a simple appearance created by connecting two straight-lined houses at a right angle. This layout was preferred by families who wanted a larger yard, even if that meant having a smaller interior compared with the square house. The wood-floored main hall typically connects with the kitchen at the point where the house is angled, thus ensuring greater spatial efficiency and functionality.

Geungnakjeon Hall - This building has seven compartments on the front three at the sides and a gabled roof. It stands on stone stairways. The five-girder structure has a simple pillar-centered bracketing system. The bracket and beam arrangements, the truss, and its support under the roof ridge are of an ancient architectural style. Furthermore, it is regarded as an important cultural asset since it represents the early stage of the bracket-on-column style.

Hyangwonjeong Pavilion, Gyeongbokgung Palace - The two-storey hexagonal pavilion was built on a small island in the middle of a lake on the northern grounds of GyeongbokgungPalace.

Yeongjegyo Bridge, Gyeongbokgung Palace - The stream that runs underneath the bridge is known as Geumcheon. All Joseon royal residences had similar streams and bridges which symbolized purifying oneself before entering.

Ondol - It’s a heating system hidden beneath the floor. In its traditional form, it utilizes direct heat transfer from wood smoke to the underside of a thick masonry floor.

Cheoma - It’s the edge of Hanok's curvy roofs.

Hanok - The architectural term describing Korean traditional houses is also referred to as Chosun houses.

Baeheullim - As in ancient Greek architecture columns were purposely made thinner at the base, thicker in the middle, and taller at the corners of the building to make them appear truly straight from a distance. It is like the pillar of the Greek temple, ‘Entasis’, but it is characterized by its maximum diameter being one-third of the ground.

Dabotap Stone Pagoda - The Stone Pagoda is truly unique and can be found on the 10 won coin. Only one of the four lions at its corners can be seen on site. A second one can be seen in the British Museum. A small part of the stone railings has been slightly damaged during the strong earthquake which occurred in Gyeongju in September 2016.

Hanok - The architectural term describing Korean traditional houses is also referred to as Chosun houses.

Goguryeo Dynasty - A kingdom that ruled northern Korea during the Three Kingdoms period from the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE. The kingdom flourished in the 5th and 6th century CE and has left a rich cultural heritage best seen in its tomb art and architecture.

Chusimp’o style - The Korean adaptation of the Chinese architecture of the T’ang period (AD 618–907). T’ang architecture was first introduced into Korea in the middle of the Koryŏ period (935–1392). The main features of the style are as follows:

(1) bracket complexes are employed only on top of columns;

(2) a bracket complex is placed directly on the column head without an additional lateral beam connecting the columns;

(3) square pieces placed on top of a column as a cushion for a bracket complex, and other, smaller square cushion pieces function as upper arms, with their sides, carved out in an S-like silhouette;

(4) the bracketing is made of transverse members only, except for a single spreader at the top to carry the eaves purlin; and

(5) because of the absence of a coffered ceiling, girder beams and eaves purlins are exposed. Also known as the “column-head bracket system”.

Heunginjimun Gate (Dongdaemun Gate) - The gate was originally built in 1396 during the reign 4th year of the reign of King Taejo. King Danjong renovated it in1453. It was last rebuilt by King Gojong in 1869. In 1869, there were four large gates and four small gates found along the fortress wall. These gates were built in the north, south, east, and west sections to protect the city from enemies, both human and animal. Each large gate had a tablet inscribed with letters that stood perfect virtue, justice, civility, and wisdom.

Maru -The main hall of a traditional Korean house

Goryeo Dynasty - The kingdom oversaw an unprecedented flourishing in culture and arts with developments in architecture, ceramics, printing, and papermaking. The kingdom was repeatedly invaded by the Mongols in the 13th century and thereafter became less independent and more culturally influenced by their northern neighbors. It is the origin of modern Korea'sEnglish name.

Heumgyeonggak Pavilion, Gyeongbokgung Palace - Built-in 1438 during the reign of King Sejong, was used by the king for astronomical and agricultural observations and research. The name of the structure means “respectful veneration of the ways of heaven.”

Tap’o/Dapo styl - In Korea, it is a kind of bracketing unit system that has a layer composed of bracketing units (gongpodae) densely arranged side-by-side. In several single-story Buddhist halls, this type of bracketing unit layer is placed not only under their eaves, which is their usual position, but also, inside the roof structure. These double-layered interior bracketing unit systems are sometimes used for decorating ceilings, and sometimes for supporting the main framework of the roof structure

Choga - It’s the Hanok straw-thatched roofs.

Gyeongbokgung Palace - The construction of this complex was completed in 1395 at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty during the reign of King Taejo. The name of the complex, which means “palace greatly blessed by Heaven,” was built in the heart of Seoul surrounded by Mount Bugaksan and Mount Namsan.

Ujingak Roof - In Korea, this roof is best characterized as four slanted sides, including chu-nyeo. the front-and-back sides are the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, and the right-and-left sides are triangular. As stated above, prestigious buildings—meant for class and authority—these roofs were features of peripheral/special cases such as strongholds or private homes. In China, however, this type of roof structure is broadly used for palaces and government offices.

Giwa - It’s the Hanok clay tile roof

Baekje Dynasty - One of the Three Kingdoms which ruled over ancient Korea from the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE. Controlling territory in the southwestern part of the peninsula the kingdom was in constant rivalry with the other two kingdoms of the period: Silla and Goguryeo, and the neighboring Gaya confederation. The kingdom was noted for its high culture, many aspects of which are exported to its ally Japan.

Joseon Dynasty - The kingdom was founded by the powerful Goryeo(918–1392) military commander Yi Seong-gye, who named it Joseon. Yi Seong-gye moved the capital to Hanyang (now Seoul) and allied himself with a group of reform-minded Confucian scholars, who reorganized Korean society using the teachings of Confucius as their guiding principles. These teachings emphasized order and peace based on the cultivation of harmonious interpersonal relationships and proper conduct.

Geunjeongjeon Hall, Gyeongbokgung Palace - The main throne hall of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Originally built in 1395, is now the largest and most formal hall at the palace. The name translates to “all affairs will be properly managed if Your Majesty demonstrates diligence.”

Ohoe Tombs - One of the tombs of the nobles, 6th-7thcentury, Ji'an, Northeastern China. It is a wall painting tomb with a stone chamber square corbel caisson, round-corner roof. The four walls in the tomb are painted green dragon, white tiger, rosefinch, tortoise, lotus, fire, and human figures. The beams are painted with dragons. On the caisson are fairies (celestial beings, immortals), clouds and stars, the sun god, the moon god. On the ceiling are dragons and tigers. It is a typical tomb of the late Koguryeo wall painting tomb.

Octagonal Nine-story Stone Pagoda of Woljeongsa Temple - This stone pagoda stands on an octagonal-shaped 2-story base. There is a tabernacle to hold a Buddhist statue on the the1st-story body. It is almost the same height as the second story. The octagonal roof stones are simply trimmed without stepped cornices. The finial with the upper portion in gilt bronze and the lower portion in stone is incomplete condition. With bronze wind-bells and the gilt bronze finial provided, you can see the metal craft techniques of the Goryeo period.

Silla Dynasty -One of the Kingdoms ruled south-eastern Korea during the Three Kingdoms period from the 1st century BCE to 7th century CE. The capital was Geumseong (Gyeongju) with a centralized government and hierarchical system of social ranks. The prosperity of this kingdom is evident in the magnificent gold crowns which are among the most prized art objects of ancient South-East Asia. An alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China permitted the kingdom to eventually conquer the whole of the Korean peninsula in 668 CE, which it then ruled for the next three centuries as the Unified Silla Kingdom.

Muryangsu Hall of Pusŏk Temple - It is a building sometimes found in a larger temple complex, usually on the eastern side of the main courtyard in front of the beopdang [Main Dharma Hall], facing to the west. It is dedicated to Amita-bul[Amitabha, the Buddha of the Western Paradise] and enshrines his image along with related Bodhisattvas, and symbolically replicates his Western Paradise (heaven where spirits of the departed can hear him continuously preaching the entire Dharma without worldly difficulties or distractions/temptation, and so can easily progress towards enlightenment).

U-shaped Hanok - It’s characterized by the location of the wood-floored main hall (maru) and the kitchen in the central portion of the building, with the bedrooms situated in the wings, thus creating symmetry and balance. Such houses also tended to feature a gabled or hip-and-gable roof.

Tomb of the General (Pyramid of the East) - Located in Ji'an, Jilin province China, the former capital of Goguryeo. The pyramid was "rediscovered" in 1905. The base of the pyramid measures approximately 75 meters on each side, about half the size of the Egyptian pyramids, and is eleven meters in height. The pyramid is composed of 1,100 dressed stone blocks. Large stones, each measuring approximately 3 x 5 meters were placed around the base of the pyramid and can still be seen today. The monumental size of the tomb suggests that the Goguryeoelite were very powerful, and the kingdom had the ability to mobilize large numbers of people for building projects.

Seokgatap Stone Pagoda - A 10.3 m tall three-tier stone pagoda was restored in 1925 and contained in its interior what is believed to be the world's oldest example of a woodblock print

Straight-lined Hanok - It’s characterized by the interior tended to be more compact than that of other layouts and having more windowed doors to receive more natural light. The type of house also differs from the others in that, as it is typically open to all four directions and hence receives more sunlight, it offers a wider range of options when deciding which direction to face.

Paljak Roof - In Korea, this roof is considered the most consummate, intricate structure among the three. It is simply explained as" matbe on top of ujingak." Buildings with this roof type have a relatively high hierarchy—palaces, main buildings in Buddhist temples are built in this format.

Matbe Roof - In Korea, this roof is typically characterized as the simplest structure. This roof type does not consist of chu-nyeo, a distinct feature of Hanok which can be coarsely explained as a curved hip rafter. Chu-nyeo structure is utilized to prevent rainwater from steeping the wooden pillars, while still allowing sunlight to be able to keep the pillars from corrosion. These roofs have forced the use of wooden gables, depending on precipitation.

Seokguram Grotto (Sokkuram) - A Buddhist cave temple was constructed during the Unified Silla Period (668-935 CE) of ancient Korea. The 8th-century CE structure, located near the Bulguksa Temple on Mt. Toham at the ancient Silla capital of Geumseong (modern Gyeongju, South Korea), contains a large statue of the Buddha who is seated within a circular chamber beneath a stone hemispherical dome.

Miruksa Pagoda - The Stone Pagoda at the ancient temple complex in southern North Jeolla Province is the oldest extant stone pagoda in SouthKorea, constructed during the influential Baekje kingdom (18 BCE–660 CE). Standing 14.5 meters high, 12.5 meters wide, and weighing some 1,830 tons, the restored pagoda, designated as National Treasure No.11 and standing in the west of the temple complex, now has only six tiers, but historians believe it originally had nine. The pagoda is believed to have lost its upper levels sometime in the 16th century during the Kingdom of Great Joseon (1392–1897), which favored Confucianism over Buddhism.

Sinmumun Gate, Gyeongbokgung Palace - The northern gate protected GyeongbokgungPalace from attacks from the north. It features a single entrance and one-storey pavilion.

k’a unit - Korean Architecture is built according to this unit of measurement, the distance between two posts (about 3.7 meters) and is designed so that there is always a transitional space between the “inside” and the “outside.”

Chongnimsa Pagoda -The five-story pagoda is representative of Paekche art, is well balanced, and is a beautifully executed masterpiece.

Cheomseongdae Observatory - The astronomical observatory was constructed during the reign of Queen Seondeok in 632-647. Literally, the word means“stargazing platform”. The cylindrical monument, slightly convex in outline, rises in a meticulous course and has square windows at a high level.

Twin Pagoda, Kamunsa Temple - The pagodas were erected by putting 82 stones together. The third story of the pagoda’s body, which consists of a single stone, contains a hole for enshrining sarira reliquaries. The stones used for the finial, except the stone on top, have disappeared, leaving the finial pole exposed to the outside. The pagodas’ stable proportions and magnificent appearance show the progressive spirit of Unified Silla.

Tomb of King Tongmyong/Dongmyeong - A mausoleum located in Ryongsan-ri, near Pyongyang, North Korea. One of the tombs is the royal tomb of the founder of the ancient Goguryeo kingdom, northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In total, there are 63 individual tombs of the period. The area contains at least fifteen known tombs believed to belong to various vassal lords. The tomb has achieved World Heritage status as part of the Complex of Goguryeo Tombsinscribed by UNESCO in 2004.

Square-shaped Hanok - It was usually preferred in the north of Korea where the winter is longer and harsher than in the south because it was believed to be more effective in maintaining the warmth of the interior. Houses built according to this layout tended to have a wider inner space. The wood-floored main hall (maru) was typically located at the center of the house, thus providing direct access to the other rooms, including the kitchen.

Namdaemun Gate (Sungnyemun) - The name of this structure means Gate of Exalted Ceremonies. Construction began in 1395 and was completed in 1398, during the reign of King Taejo. At this time, it was built using wood and stone. It was rebuilt in 1447 and renovated many times over the years. The structure was originally one of three main gates in the city of Seoul

Mojeon-seoktap, Punhwangsa - It’s made of stones cut to the size and shape of bricks and resembles a brick pagoda: Only three of the original nine storeys now remain. Stone beasts are stationed at the four corners of its foundation and stone images of Vajradhara, guardian deities of the temple, at either side of the niches of the body of the pagoda.

JAPANESE

Shimogamo Shrine - The shrine is also known as the "LowerKamo Shrine “, is located at the junction of the Takano and Kamo rivers. It is surrounded by the Tadasu no Mori, a forest that was preserved during the modernization of the city and contains trees that are up to 600 years old.

Shinden-zukuri - A style of Japanese architecture used in aristocratic mansions in the Heian period. The main building is built facing a south garden with two subsidiary buildings called tainoya to the east and west, and two corridors called wataridono connect the building and the two tainoya, from which the wataridono corridors extend south and end in tsuridono, or fishing pavilions.

Kinkakuji Also known as the Golden Pavilion, isaZentemplein northern Kyoto whose top two floors are completely covered in gold leaf. Formally known as Rokuonji, the temple was the retirement villa of the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, and according to his will, it became a Zen temple of the Rinzai sect after his death in 1408. The temple was the inspiration for the similarly named silver Pavilion, built by Yoshimitsu's grandson, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, on the other side of the city a few decades later. The temple is an impressive structure built overlooking a large pond and is the only building left of Yoshimitsu's former retirement complex. It has burned down numerous times throughout its history including twice during the theOnin War, a civil war that destroyed much of Kyoto; and once again more recently in 1950 when it was set on fire by a fanatic monk. The present structure was rebuilt in 1955.

Ken - The unit of measure was developed by the Japanese. It was originally used to designate the interval between two columns and varied in size, however, it later was standardized for residential architecture and became an absolute measurement. Along with being a measurement for the construction of buildings, it was what ordered the structure and space of Japanese architecture. Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ (1.8x 0.9 m).

Irimoya-zukuri - One of the most striking architectural features of the traditional Japanese buildings is the roof and among the diverse types, the Japanese version of what is called a “hip-and-gable” roof. It is a combination of the hipped and the gable roofs, combining the advantages of both types. The hipped roof gives stability to the building, and it is often used in places with intense winds, while the gable roof is recommended in areas with heavy snow.

Daidokoro - The Japanese kitchen.

Washitsu or Nihonma - Traditional Japanese-style rooms come with a unique interior design that includes tatami mats as flooring. Consequently, they are also known as tatami rooms. Their style dates to the Muromachi Period when they originally served as study rooms for the wealthy before gradually becoming more commonplace as reception and living quarters.

Yayoi Period - This period lasted from around 300 BC to 300AD. Characterized by the start of widespread rice farming, resulting in the appearance of permanent settlements with bigger populations. Communities became organized in villages, with areas demarcated for granaries, storehouses, and living quarters. Houses were built on stilts to keep away pests. Structures such as village fences and watchtowers were applied.

Himeji castle - Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in1993, it was built between 1601 and 1609 by Ikeda Terumasa, the son-in-law of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Unlike other castles in Japan, it has managed to avoid being destroyed by a fire or natural disaster and was never attacked. It has undergone some major restorations but is always in accordance with designs and construction methods used to make the original. Standing 46 meters high, also known as the White Egret Castle because all the structures are white and from a distance, the castle looks like a white bird in the middle of some rice fields. Constructed of wood, plaster, and stone, it features a seven-story-high,five-tiered donjon with platforms of white stone and a white plaster exterior, three smaller donjons, a three-story watchtower, and covered passages connecting the donjon with the towers.

Tateana-shiki - The dwelling is built by first digging a depression in a round or quadrilateral shape, then creating a framework in the depression by installing several columns, followed by connecting the framework with balks and beams, and lastly thatching its roof with dirt and reed or other plants.

Shinto - Japan's native belief system predates historical records. It revolves around the Japanese land and seasons and their relationship with the human inhabitants. Expressions of religious beliefs toward nature include the recognition of a divine spirit (kami) in venerable old trees, large mountains, and tall waterfalls, as well as celebrations of the highlights of each season.

Hogyo-zukuri - Shaped like a pyramid, is one of the types of roofs used in Japanese traditional architecture, especially for Buddhist constructions. When used for religious purposes, it has on top a parallelepipedic object called roban, with a double role, decorative and spiritual.

Sento- Are local establishments that serve the far more practical need of daily hygiene. Indeed, the two kanji which make up the word meaning “coin” and “hot water”. In other words, you are simply buying hot water heated from the water supply just like you would if you run a bath at home.

Genkan - The vestibule is just inside the main entrance to the Japanese home.

Onsen - It’s a natural hot spring bath, and thanks to its plentiful volcanic activity Japan has lots of them. The water is geothermally heated beneath the ground and rises to the surface bubbling hot. The water must contain at least one of the 19 designated chemical elements that naturally occur in hot spring water, and it must be at least 25C when it comes out of the ground. 

Kamidana - The miniature Shinto shrine is placed high on the wall, on a well-lit and quiet zone inside the house or store. An orientation facing east, or south is generally considered desirable.

Torii - Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine. Derived from the Chinese pai-lou. It has two upright pillars or posts supporting two or more horizontal beams, usually curving upward. Worshippers must pass under this for prayers to be effective.

Usa Jingū - The shrine was built in the 8th century, is located at the base of the Kunisaki Peninsula. It is the head shrine of thousands of shrines across Japan that are dedicated to the god of archery and war, who has also been identified with the legendary 15th emperor of Japan, Emperor Ojin. The shrine had an enormous influence on the Kunisaki Peninsula's culture and shaped the local mountain worship religion. The shrine's main hall is a designated national treasure and the prototype of this style of shrine architecture. In this architecture style, the shrine buildings consist of two halls whose roofs relate to each other, forming a single building.

Chigaidana - The built-in, staggered wall shelving is typically found beside the alcove and used for displaying decorations like vases and incense burners.

Kumimono & Tokyõ - The bracketing structure can be seen in many Buddhist temples all over Japan. The bracket complex consists of two basic parts, the bearing block (Masu) and the bracket arm (Hijiki).

Izumo Oyashiro Grand Shrine - It’s one of Japan's most important shrines. There are no records of exactly when it was built, but it is often considered the oldest shrine in Japan, being already in existence in the early 700s as revealed by the nation's oldest chronicles

Yosemune-zukuri - In Japan, the form of the roof has a horizontal section at the highest point and has a rectangular flat form. Historically, it was more common in eastern Japan and was called "azumaya" in ancient times.

Shinmei-zukuri - The honden style uses hottate bashira (earth fast posts), has a kirizuma-zukuri style roof, and hira-iri (the style of buildings that have an entrance on the long side of the buildings). Except for the cylindrical pillars and Katsuogi (ornamental logs arranged perpendicular to the ridge of a Shinto shrine), the external view is completely made up of straight edges due to its flat construction.

Kirizuma-zukuri - The oldest roof style used in Japanese traditional architecture: a roof made simply from two sides connected at the ridge. Translated as “cut out gable” it indicates that seen from aside, the wall seems to be cut by the sides of the roof. It’s also the simplest of the Japanese traditional architectural styles, often used for lower-class houses.

Takayuka-shiki - The dwelling is used for warehouses. On-stilts dwellings.

Fusuma - The sliding doors, which divide the rooms, are covered with paper of many patterns or decorated with paintings or calligraphy.

Taisha-zukuri - The honden style uses building uses hottate bashira (earth fast posts), elements of the kirizuma-zukuri style (an architectural style with a gabled roof), and tsuma-iri (the style of building which has an entrance on its shorter side) and has a roof with graceful, curved lines).

Tatami - The rectangular mat is used as a floor covering in Japanese houses. It consists of a thick straw base and a soft, finely woven rush cover with cloth borders. T measures approximately 180 by 90 cm (6 by 3feet) and is about 5 cm (2 inches) thick. In shinden and shoin domestic architecture, it completely covers the floor.

Hachiman-zukuri - The honden style is a shrine pavilion built by interconnecting 2 buildings back-to-back. Two buildings, a front hall and arear hall built in the kirizuma-zukuri style (an architectural style with a gabled roof), and hirairi (the entrance to a building built parallel to the ridge of the roof, usually on the long side of the building), respectively, are interconnected back-to-back with an Ainoma (Middle Room located between Honden main hall and Haiden oratory) in between them.

Oshiire - In the room of a traditional Japanese house, there is a small section that is used for storage. It is about one tatami matin size and is usually divided by a shelf in the middle.

Minka - The residential houses that have been built since the Meiji Period using traditional designs and construction methods are also included in this type of dwelling.

Jomon Period - The earliest period of Japan lasted from around 13000 BC to 300 BC. Dwellings were built directly over an earth floor with a wood foundation and a thatched straw roof. Inside the house, the floor may have been hollowed in, which is why in this period, houses are often called "pit dwellings".

Kamigamo Shrine - The shrine is well known for two sand cones on its grounds that serve a purification function for the shrine and have been made ritually since ancient times.

Todai-ji - It is also known as the "Great EasternTemple", is one of Japan's most famous and historically significant temples and a landmark of Nara. The temple was constructed in 752 as the head temple of allprovincialBuddhisttemplesof Japan and grew so powerful that the capital was moved from Nara to Nagaoka in 784 to lower the temple's influence on government affairs. Its main hall, the theDaibutsuden(Big Buddha Hall), held the record as the world's largest wooden building, even though the present reconstruction of 1692 is onlytwo-thirds of the original temple hall's size. The massive building houses one of Japan's largest bronze statues of Buddha (Daibutsu). The 15 meters tall, seated Buddha represents Vairocana and is flanked by two Bodhisattvas.

Sumiyoshi-zukuri - The honden style architecture has no veranda (a narrow wooden passageway along the edge of a house facing the garden) or the sacred core pillar installed at the center of the main sanctuary of a shrine, and the inside is divided into a naijin (inner sanctuary of a shrine or temple) and a gejin (part of the main sanctuary outside the innermost sanctum of a shrine). It is rectangular with a width of approx. 3. 6 meters and a depth of approx. 7.3 meters, approx. 3.6 meters each for the naijin and gejin.

Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine - The shrine is one of Japan's oldest shrines. Founded in the 3rd century before the introduction of Buddhism, it displays a unique style of shrine architecture that is free of influence from the Asian mainland.

Donjon - The Japanese term for castles.

Shoji -  The sliding outer partition doors and windows are made of a latticework wooden frame and covered with a tough, translucent whitepaper. When closed, they softly diffuse light throughout the house.

ShitennojiTemple - It is one of Japan's oldest temples and the first ever to be built by the state. It was founded in 593 by Prince Shotoku, who supported the introduction of Buddhism into Japan. Although the temple buildings burned down several times throughout the centuries, they were always carefully reconstructed to reflect the original 6th-century design. In the pebble-covered courtyard of the inner precinct stand a five-storied pagoda that can be entered and ascended and the Main Hall (Kondo) in which Prince Shotokuis enshrined as a statue of Kannon.

Tokonoma - The recessed alcoves are typically decorated by a hanging scroll in addition to a vase or flower arrangement. The decorations are typically changed to reflect the season. Traditionally, the most important guest is seated in front of it.

Shoin-zukuri - One of the Japanese residential architectural styles which were established after the middle of the Muromachi Period. It has had a strong influence on Japanese residential houses since then. It is furnished with zashikikazari (a set of decorative features), such as tokonoma(alcoves for the display of art objects) (or oshi-ita),chigai-dana (shelves built into the wall), and tsukeshoin (a built-in table). Even at banquets today, seats are often designated as 'kamiza' or 'shimoza' according to their position relative to the tokonoma, which implies that distances from tokonoma once helped members to verify each other's rank and status.

Washiki - The Japanese squat toilet.

Ise Grand Shrine - The grand shrine at Ise is known as the spiritual home of the Japanese people. Dedicated to the goddess Amaterasu-omikami it is said that the location was found 2,000 years ago by Princess Yamatohime-no-mikoto, daughter of Emperor Suinin who has directed to the spot by the goddess herself. A second principal shrine at Ise is known as Geku and is dedicated to the god Toyouke Omikami.

Buddhism - Introduced to ancient Japan via Korea in the6th century CE with various sects following in subsequent centuries via China. It was readily accepted by both the elite and ordinary populace because it confirmed the political and economic status quo, offered a welcoming reassurance to the mystery of the afterlife, and complemented existing Shinto beliefs.

Nagare-zukuri - The honden style is characterized by a long extending, curved front slope of the warped roof, which constitutes a kohai(eave). This is the most popular architectural style among Japanese shrines. The style employs a kirizuma-zukuri/hirairi structure, and its roof forms a graceful curve like that of taisha-zukuri style.

Choose the incorrect statement.

The column that is found in temples or gateway is followed by Indian form.

Horyuji Temple - It was founded in 607 by Prince Shotoku, who is credited with the early promotion of Buddhism in Japan. Is one of the country's oldest temples and contains the world's oldest surviving wooden structures. It was designated a world heritage site in 1993. The temple grounds are spacious and separated into two main precincts, the Western Precinct (Saiin Garan) and the Eastern Precinct (ToinGaran). Enclosed by roofed corridors, the Western Precinct is home to the world's oldest surviving wooden structures: the central gate (Chumon), the main hall (Kondo), and a five-story pagoda. They were built sometime in the Asuka period (538-710) and have not suffered destruction ever since, although they have undergone renovations multiple times over the centuries.

Ofuro - The Japanese bath.

Butsudan - The Buddhist altar generally contains memorial tablets for dead ancestors and, in accordance with sect affiliation, representations of various Buddhist divinities.

Choose the correct statement.

Chinese architecture was based on a lifestyle that included the use of chairs, while in Japan people customarily sat on the floor.

Kasuga Taisha Shrine - Nara's most celebrated shrine. It was established at the same time as the capital and is dedicated to the deity responsible for the protection of the city. It was also the tutelary shrine of the Fujiwara, Japan's most powerful family clan during most of the Nara and Heian Periods. It is famous for its lanterns, which have been donated by worshipers. Hundreds of bronze lanterns can be found hanging from the buildings, while as many stone lanterns line their approaches.

Kasuga-zukuri - The honden style employs kirizuma-zukuri style with a Tsuma-iri, and, like taisha-zukuri style, elegant curves are provided on the roof. its roof is curved toward each side and is also provided at the front, forming a kohai (a roof built over the steps leading up to a temple building (i. e., eaves)). Many shrines of this style are influenced by temple architecture in terms of colors, etc.

Shikidai - The wooden step inside the main entrance to a Japanese home.

Kamado - The traditional Japanese wood-or charcoal-fueled cook stove.

Engawa - The floor extension is at one side of a Japanese-style house, usually facing a yard or garden and serving as a passageway and sitting space. Also known as the veranda.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN

Shwezigon Pagoda - The construction of the pagoda began in the mid-11th century during the reign of Pagan Emperor Anawrahta. According to a popular belief, Anawrahta sent a white elephant with a bone relic of GautamaBuddha to wander freely. It was also mounted with the royal declaration that the place, where the elephant halted, would be selected as the site for setting up the pagoda. The pagoda was finally erected on a dune, where the elephant stopped.

Changmai/Lan Na Period - This style/period is also known as the “Land of million rice fields”, founded by King Phya Mangrai. It emphasizes the enormous size of the shrines and a relatively small sermon or temple hall. Stupas were later built from the mid-14th century onwards since the entrance of the Lankawong Buddhism sect.

Wat Phra Kaew - This temple is also known as the “Heaven and Earth”, the temple complex that houses the Emerald Buddha is located on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok. It was built by Rama I in 1782 when he built his capitol in Bangkok.

Wat Si Cham - It’s a Temple of the bodhi tree, the largest, most puzzling, and historically important temple of Sukhothai period. Famous for the enormous stucco Buddha. This large image of the seated Buddha is over15m (45 feet) high. It is believed to be the statue that was referred to as"Phra Atchana" ("Immovable Buddha") in a contemporaneous inscription of King Ramkhamhaeng.

Ta Keo Temple - It’s a pyramid of five levels reaching a total height of 40m - the first two forms the base of two enclosing courtyards, one surrounded by a simple wall and the other by a gallery, while the last three, through proportional reduction are a massive artificial plinth for the quincunx of sanctuaries. It was also the first temple that was built with the biggest blocks of sandstone in Angkor's time. This temple was dedicated to Shiva. The main entrance of the temple faces to the east. Its walkway measures 50m long with many columns on both sides. The moat surrounding it measures 225m by 195m.The foundation of this temple measures 122m by 106m.

Ananda Temple - It’s a Buddhist temple that was built at the beginning of the XII century in the city of Bagan during the Pagan Dynasty. Its main feature is the relation between religion, politics, and architecture that has a deep influence on its morphology and plan. Its Cruciform plan, within a central square of 53 meters and a final length of 88 meters is due to the positioning of the four standing Buddhas that are facing the different Cardinaldirections (North, South, East, West). This is because the temple was built during the first reunification of the country.

Wat Kukut Temple - It represents the last phase of Dvaravatistyle. From a high square platform, with 23m sides, rises a slender brick pyramid of five diminishing storeys of 28m. Each face of each storey is three terracotta Buddha images, making sixty in all has a viharn, an ubosot, a sala, and two ancient chedis.

Phra Rabieng - It’s the cloister like-galleries around theBot/Ubosot in a wat. Along its walls are Buddha images and sometimes religious furniture.

Kuti - A small structure, built on stilts, designed to house a monk.

Shwezigon Pagoda - The pagoda is built in Mon architectural style featuring staircases, richly ornamented spires and gates, and a large golden finial beautifully designed with gems. Some treasured relics including Buddha’sfrontal bone, collarbone, and a tooth are thought to be preserved in thePagoda. To honor these relics, shrines of the 37 Great Nats have been constructed. The pagoda has five square terraces, which rise in a pyramidal form and are covered on the top with chatris or umbrellas.

Wat Mahadhatu Temple - It’s a 12th-century building of Khmer-Angkor type a stand in a walled court and comprises a sanctuary tower(shikhara) and attached portico (mandapa) raised on a high molded plinth. It also has a heavy arched tympana above the openings, recalling Angkor.

Sulamani Temple - It’s a beautiful temple where the sun’s rays shine through the outer arches onto the central core, creating a beautiful and warming glow. It was also known as the crowning jewel, and it is one of the most notorious temples in Bagan. Built on king Narapatisithu reign (1174-1211), it’s probably the most important temple of the late period of Bagan monument building.

Bakong Temple - It’s a temple that was built at the behest of Indravarman I and consecrated in 881. It is historically remarkable as it became a kind of prototype of the typical Khmer temple pyramid, also called temple-mountain or step-pyramid. The main structure, of course, is the central temple-mountain built of sandstone blocks. It is 67 m long 65 m wide and 14m high. Unusual rectangular pavilion gates with pitched roofs and gable end and semicircular moonstone-thresholds give access to axial stairways on each side. Lions guard the four flights of steps.

Candi Prambanan - It is the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia. It was built ca. 850 AD or later, either by Rakai Pikatan or by one of the other Sanjaya rulers of Mataram. The east-facing complex measures about 110m(360 ft) on the aside. It is dedicated to the Trimurti - Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu- and the temple of each god is faced by the temple of his vehicle. Smaller shrines, a few of which have been reconstructed, are also found in the complex. Shiva, the central and largest temple, measures 34m (111 ft) on a side and 47m(154 ft) high. Each of the three major temples retains its principal statue in the central chamber (the Shiva temple also has statues in three side chambers); most of these were not accessible in 2008, due to the ongoing repair work.

Ubosot or Bot - Ordination hall of the wat where monks perform ceremonies, meditate and sermonize. It usually faces East and houses the main Buddha image.

Viharn - It’s the teaching hall and usually the busiest building in wat and open to everyone. Houses various buddha images and is used as a preaching hall and as a place for prayer and meditation.

Temple of Borobudur - Located on the island of Java in Indonesia, the rulers of the Śailendra Dynasty built the temple around 800 C.E. as a monument to the Buddha. square 123 meters (403 feet) on each side and 32 meters(105 feet) high. Constructed of unmortared grey andesite and volcanic basalt stone and surrounded by lush green fields of the Kedu Plain and tourist infrastructure, it is about the size of a stadium and took about 80 years to build. Four large volcanos, including the often-smoking Mount Merapi, and numerous hills are visible in the distance. The temple’s design in Gupta architecture reflects India's influence on the region, yet there are enough indigenous scenes and elements incorporated to make the temple uniquely Indonesian.

Angkor Wat - It’s a temple complex anear Siam Reap, Cambodia, that was built in the 12th century by King Suryavarman II (reigned1113–c. 1150). The vast religious complex comprises more than a thousand buildings, and it is one of the great cultural wonders of the world. It is the world's largest religious structure, covering some 400 acres (160 hectares), and marks the high point of Khmer architecture.

Shwedagon Pagoda - Built over older foundations and added to many times, reflects Burma’s cultural connections with India and China while expressing the exuberance typical of later phases of Burmese art. In form, the traditional rounded tumulus of the stupa had now evolved into a tall, attenuated structure, rising in this case by repeated additions to a height of113 m above the processional platform. The supporting plinth is multi-planed, its many angles bearing miniature pagodas, the processional platform crowded with carved, gilded, and lacquered shrines and spirelets, green and yellow bricks.

Shwedagon Pagoda - Myanmar’s most prominent holy site houses four sacred relics, most notably eight strands of hair belonging to the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama. And it is upon these eight hairs which the king of Dagon (former name of Yangon along with Rangoon) would build and enshrine the artifacts within the pagoda. The central stupa alone is plated with over20,000 bars of gold, which becomes more apparent in the evening when bright lights illuminate its golden spires. But the pagoda’s most asset is the stupa’s crown, known as the ‘umbrella’. Approximately 5,500 diamonds, 2,300 rubies and4,000 golden bells and other precious gemstones line the crown. And sitting at the very top of the umbrella is its largest and most precious gemstone, a72-carat (15 grams) diamond.

Dvaravati Period - It’s characterized by Burmese Buddhist forms, only fragments of foundations of buildings at Nakhon Pathom (later Lopburi) the earliest known capital was found. Plinths were made of bricks and stones with moldings like those Buddhist structures from Sri Lanka to north India, which had granite bases with holes for pillars that supported timber superstructures.

Ayutthaya Period - This style was founded by King Ramathibodi I in the lower Chao Phraya River, one of the largest and most prosperous empires of its time. It’s said to be the society of builders rather than sculptors. It erected a major portion of its 400 wats in Ramathibodi’s reign and completed most of its major monuments in the first 150 years of its existence Wat YaiChaya Mongkol. Architecture during this period was regarded as a peak achievement that responded to the requirements of people and expressed the gracefulness of Thai-ness.

Chedi - Domed edifice, under which relics of the Buddha or revered religious teachers are buried.

Preah Khan Temple - It’s one of the larger temple complexes within the historic park. It translates to “Holy Sword” in Khmer, named by JayavarmanVII in honor of his battle victory against the invading force of Chams, who belonged to a kingdom in what is now Vietnam, in the year 1191. This majestic temple complex is surrounded by a moat, and its surface area stretches over as watch of land that’s 800 meters by 700 meters, enclosing an area of 56 hectares.

Wat Chet Yot - This temple was built to record the 2000thanniversary of Buddha's death, a smaller version of Mahabodhi Temple (relic house) in Bodh Gaya, India but with added stucco reliefs of celestial beings paying homage.

Sukhothai Style - This style was the foundation of Thaicivilization, the place where its institutions and culture first developed and PhoKhun Sri Indraditya became the first king. Governed in the style of "the father of the town," or paternal kingship and the identity of the style decorations to display the Buddhist faith by building the buildings in symbolic shapes.

Wat Pho - This temple is a large Buddhist temple south of the royal palace. Although its history extends back at least to the 16thcentury, the current structures all date from 1793 or later. When the future King Rama I, the founder of the Chakri dynasty, unseated his rival Tak Sin in a bloody war, he transferred the capital across the river from Thonburi to what today downtown Bangkok is. It is also the temple complex where the Reclining Buddha is housed.

Angkor Wat -  It’s dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu who is one of the three principal gods in the Hindu pantheon (Shiva and Brahma are the others). Among them, he is known as the “Protector.” The major patron of the temple complex was King Suryavarman II, whose name translates as the “protector of the sun.”

Sala Thai - An open pavilion is used as a meeting place and to protect people from sun and rain, most are open on all four sides.

Mingalazedi Stupa - It’s a brick construction and its height are40 meters (131 feet) with many terraces featuring the Jataka tales. Around the center pot-shaped stupa there are also small stupas that are decorated with glazed green and yellow bricks. It’s a brick construction and its height is 40meters (131 feet) with many terraces featuring the Jataka tales. Around the center pot-shaped stupa there are also small stupas that are decorated with glazed green and yellow bricks.

Khmer-Lopburi Period - Origin in central and eastern Thailand. It's a Provincial manifestation of the Khmer-Angkor style. It also mirrored building traditions of the Mons and Talaings of southern Burma. Khmersintroduced the use of stone, instead of the traditional brick or rubble bonded with vegetable glue.

Wat - Temple complex dedicated to Buddha in Thai Buddhist architecture.

Ho Rakang - The bell is struck to call the monks to devotions; to announce time (it is struck for noon, after which monks are not allowed to eat); or, to announce the stopping of work for the day. In some big temples and monasteries, there may also be a gong tower or a combination of bell and gong.

Wat Chedi Luang - This temple was started in 1391 by King Saen Muang Ma, rising to about 85m (282 feet) tall. An earthquake in 1545 knocked down the structure to its current height of 42m (140 ft) as seen today. The temple housed the Emerald Buddha from A.D. 1468-1553.

Wat Phra Sri Samphet - This built-in Sri Lankan style, houses the remains of three kings of Ayutthaya: Ramathibodi II (1491-1529, left), his elder brother Boromraja III (1488-1491), and his father Boromtrailokat(1448-1488). Located just south of the Royal Palace, it was a royal chapel oncerned with the ritual and ceremonial functions of the royal family; unusually, it did not have a resident community of monks.

Bangkok Style - This style came into being when King Rama I ascended the throne in 1782. Construction during the reign of King Rama III had either one of the two distinctive characteristics (in or out). “In” is one with traditional gable ends decorating the roof while “Out” is the gable ends of the roof were plainly constructed with bricks and stucco.

Wat Chai Watthanaram - This temple in quincunx was built in 1630 byKing Prasat Thong, as a royal monastery dedicated to his mother. It was used for cremations and other religious ceremonies. Redenting the walls of this tower (prang) served a practical as well as an aesthetic function since it provided a structural buttress that strengthened the wall against collapse.

Sala Khan Prian - Open-sided pavilion or preaching hall in a wat. The Bangkok-style structure is only found occasionally in northern Thailand.

Angkor Thom - Its name means "The Great City," was the capital of the Khmer empire from the time of Suryavarman I (1002-1049) to the end of the Classic Period (c. 1327). In its present form, the city dates mostly from Jayavarman VII (1181-1220), with significant additions by Jayavarman VIII (1243-1295).

Chedi - The version of the stupa in Burma.