Applied Anatomy Exam 1 Review

1. What is the largest component of bone? Calcium.

2. What are mast cells and what do they produce? Mast cells produce histamine (dilates vessels) and heparin (anticoagulant).

3. What lines the medullary cavity? Endosteum.

4. What is hyaline cartilage? The most abundant type of cartilage, found on articular surfaces, costal cartilage, and the nose.

5. What is the difference between brown and white fat? Brown fat burns calories to generate heat, while white fat is an energy reserve that insulates and cushions.

6. What is a mesenchymal cell? A stem cell derived from the mesoderm that forms bone, cartilage, muscle, and skin.

7. What is the historical sequence of anatomy? Includes contributions from Hippocrates, Aristotle, Herophilos, Galen, Da Vinci, and Vesalius.

8. What type of connective tissue are ligaments and tendons? Dense regular connective tissue.

9. What is a chondrocyte? What is a chondroblast? A chondrocyte is a mature cartilage cell, and a chondroblast is an immature cartilage-producing cell.

10. What part of bone enables it to withstand tension and compression? Osteon (Haversian system).

11. What is myositis ossificans? Formation of bone inside muscle tissue after trauma.

12. What is an osteon and an osteoblast? An osteon is the fundamental unit of compact bone, and an osteoblast is a cell that forms bone tissue.

13. What is a chondrocyte? - mature cartilage cell

14. What is a chondroblast? an immature cartilage-producing cell

15. What type of lever is built for speed, ROM, and power?

    • 2nd class: Power

    • 3rd class: Speed and Range of Motion

16. What does idiopathic mean? Unknown cause.

17. What are the two types of embryonic bone formation? Intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

18. What is reciprocal inhibition? A process where muscles on one side of a joint relax while the other side contracts.

19. What is a goniometer? A device used to measure joint angles.

20. Where do you find a gliding joint? Carpals (wrist) and tarsals (ankle).

21. What is diarthrosis? A freely movable joint.

22. What is amphiarthrosis? A slightly movable joint.

23. Difference between dynamic and ballistic stretching? Dynamic is controlled movement; ballistic uses momentum and bouncing.

24. Another name for the frontal plane? Coronal plane.

25. Where do you find non-movable joints? Another name for them? Sutures in the skull, called synarthrosis.

26. What causes jaundice? Excess bilirubin due to immature liver or RBC hemolysis.

27. What is the vascularity and innervation of a synovial membrane? Highly vascular, poorly innervated.

28. Example of a condyloid joint? Metacarpophalangeal joint.

29. Fundamental unit of bone? Osteon (Haversian system).

30. What determines longitudinal growth in the bone? The epiphyseal plate.

31. What is joint symphysis? A cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilage, e.g., the pubic symphysis.

32. What is effusion? Excess fluid accumulation in a joint.

33. What is not present in a flat bone? Medullary cavity.

34. Overabundance of osteoblast activity can lead to what? Excess bone formation, possibly osteophytes (bone spurs).

35. Causes of gout? Buildup of uric acid in joints.

36. What is avascular necrosis? Death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply.

37. What substance nourishes the articular cartilage? Synovial fluid.

38. What type of cartilage surrounds diarthrosis joints? Hyaline cartilage.

39. Why don’t you want to do a hurdler’s stretch? It stresses the medial ligament and compresses the lateral meniscus.

40. About what age do bones ossify? Major closure occurs around 17-19 years old.

41. What does subchondral mean? Subchondral: Beneath cartilage.

42. what does Chondral mean?- Chondral: Relating to cartilage.

43. What is proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation? A stretching technique that combines passive stretch and isometric contraction.

44. What is hypertrophic obesity? Excessive fat cell growth in size before increasing in number.

45. Why not treat acute injury with heat? Heat increases inflammation.

46. What causes premature growth plate closure? Trauma to the epiphyseal plate.

47. What is hemochromatosis? Excess iron accumulation in the body.

48. Where do you find the periosteum? Outer surface of bones (except at joints).

49. What is Osgood-Schlatter’s disease? Osgood-Schlatter’s: Irritation of the patellar tendon at the tibial tuberosity.

50. what is Seeger’s disease? Seeger’s Heel pain in growing athletes (7-15 years old).

51. Where do you find red bone marrow? What does it do? Found in flat bones; produces RBCs (hematopoiesis).

52. What can contribute to osteoporosis? Aging, hormonal changes, lack of calcium, smoking, alcohol.

53. What are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?

    • Osteoblasts: Form bone.

    • Osteocytes: Maintain bone.

    • Osteoclasts: Break down bone.

54. What is RBC hemolysis? Where does it occur? Destruction of RBCs; occurs in the spleen and liver.

55. Where is Volkmann's canal? In bone, connecting periosteum blood supply to the osteon.

56. What is the purpose of a bursa sac? Reduces friction between tissues.

57. Difference between ectomorph and mesomorph?

    • Ectomorph: Thin, long limbs.

    • Mesomorph: Muscular, balanced limbs and trunk.

58. What is a fibroblast? A cell that secretes fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.

59. What movements are needed for foot supination? Pronation?

    • Supination: Inversion, plantarflexion, adduction.

    • Pronation: Eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction.

What is a synarthrosis joint? A non-movable joint, such as skull sutures.