AP World History Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

6.1 Ideas that Justified Imperialism

Countries embarked on a new wave of imperialism in this time period partly due to the Industrial Revolution

Nationalism

• Enlightenment Ideas —> spread of nationalism

  1. People were loyal to sovereignty from previous time period ——> Loyalty to nation (change)

• Promoted competition and rivalry between nations —> Search for more power

Scientific Racism

• Ranked human classes based on race

• Europeans divided world between Christians and non-christians in previous time periods ——> Divided between Whites and non-whites (change)

• Phrenology: study of shape of human skulls

  1. Claimed White people’s skulls being bigger proved superiority

Social Darwinism

• Claims that western industrial societies are the best due to superior advancement

• Used to claim that the stronger nations should be able to conquer the weaker nations

Civilizing Mission

• Sense of duty to bring civilization to “lower” societies

• Sending Christian Missionaries

• Imposition of Western-style education

  1. Used to suppress indigenous language, culture

6.2 How Imperial States Expanded

New Wave of Imperialism focused on different regions

• Previous:

  1. Americas

  2. Asia

  3. Southeast Asia

• New:

  1. Africa

  2. Asia

  3. Southeast Asia

New Wave of Imperialism consisted of different imperial states

• Previous:

  1. Spain

  2. Portugal

  3. Great Britain

  4. Dutch

  5. France

• New:

  1. Spain, Portugal declining (change)

  2. GB, France, Dutch (continuity)

  3. Germany, Italy, Belgium, United States, Japan (change)

Methods of Imperial Expansion

Private to State Control of colonies

• Belgian Congo

  1. Private colony owned by King Leopold II

  2. Brutal exploitation of indigenous

     • Rubber farming

  3. Public discovery of exploitation —> public outcry —> government seizure of Congo

• Indonesia seized from Dutch East India Company by Netherlands

• India seized from British East India Company by Great Britain

Diplomacy and Warfare in Africa

• Berlin Conference “Scramble for Africa”

  1. African territories divided and split among European powers

  2. State competition —> Imperialism

     • Competition —> possible war —> Otto von Bismarck proposing Berlin Conference

  3. Brought together rival ethnic groups while dividing united ones —> conflict

• French vs. Algeria

  1. French ultimately won and expanded into Africa

Establishment of Settler Colonies

• British established colonies in Australia, NZ

  1. Wiped out aborigines through disease

Conquering Neighboring Territories

• United States

  1. “Manifest Destiny”

  2. Indigenous peoples forcibly moved into reservations

• Russia

  1. Pan-Slavism: Idea to unite all Slavic people under Russian authority

     • Includes those under Ottoman and Austrian rule

• Japan

6.3 How Indigenous People Resisted Imperial Expansion

Causes of Resistance Movements

• Increasing questions of political authority

  1. Western states enforcing western education —> Enlightenment Ideas —> questioning of authority

• Growing sense of nationalism

  1. Imperial powers imposing will and culture —> nationalism in conquered peoples —> resistance

Ways Indigenous People resisted

Direct Resistance

• Resistance with violence and weapons

• Yaa Asantewaa War in West Africa

  1. Britain attempted to colonize Asante people —> Direct resistance from Asante led by Yaa Asantewaa (female leader)

  2. Industrial weaponry/superiority of British —> British victory

Creation of New States

• Cherokee Nation

  1. More advanced US armies expelled indigenous from native land —> Trail of Tears —> Relocation in Oklahoma

  2. Cherokee continued to lose more and more power over time to USA

Religious Rebellions

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa

6.4 Global Economic Changes

The second wave of imperialism had massive effects on the global economy

Development of Export economies causes

• Export economies: economies primarily focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets

• Imperial powers turned colonies into export economies to gain resources

  1. Colonies switched from subsistence farming ——> commercial farming (change)

  2. Diversified rotation of crops ——> monocropping of cotton, other cash crops (change)

  3. India and Egypt relied on cotton exportations to Britain

• Need to supply growing urban centers

  1. Urbanization —> growing city population —> more food needed

  2. States reorganized to cash cropping (sugar, coffee)

  3. Growing desire for meat —> ranching operations in Argentina, Brazil

Development of Export Econo

mies Effects

• Profits from exports used to purchase finished manufactured goods

  1. Colonies provided closed markets for imperial powers to sell to

• Growing economic dependence of colonial people on imperial parents

  1. Reorganization of colonial economies only benefitted the colonizers

6.5 Economic Imperialism

Economic Imperialism: the act of one state extending control over another by economic means

The Opium Wars

• Failure to industrialize —> Economically, militarily dominated —> extreme weakening of global power (change)

• Trade Imbalance between China & Great Britain —> British exporting opium in China to create addiction —> Chinese ban —> Opium Wars —> Industrial GB winning —> Opening of new trading ports (Treaty of Nanjing) —> GB economic influence over China

• Taiping Rebellion (religious movement from Han to expel Manchu) —> Weakening of China —> Second Opium War (Great Britain and France) —> China divided into spheres of influence

Trade in Commodities

• Cotton

  1. India, Egypt exported to GB

  2. Colonies dependent on external demand

• Palm Oil

  1. Sub-Saharan Africa

Economic Imperialism gave Imperial powers a distinct economic advantage to the detriment of colonies

6.6 Causes of Migration

Environmental Causes of Migration

• Demographic Change

  1. Increased medicine, varied diets —> Global population significantly grew —> rural people out of jobs —> migration to cities

• Famine

  1. Irish potato famine —> migration to urban centers in USA

Technological Causes of Migration

• New modes of cheap transportation (railroad, steamship) —> migration internally and internationally

• Most migrants settled in urban areas for factory jobs —> Increased urbanization

• Some migrants returned home due to technology

  1. Lebanese migrants

Economic Causes of Migration

• Migrants moved in order to find work

  1. Voluntary Migration

     • Irish, Italians, Germans moved to America for work

     • Chinese immigrants came to West coast for railroad jobs

  2. Coerced & Semi-coerced labor

     • Atlantic Slave trade still prevalent at beginning of time period

     • Convict labor (Australia)

     • Indentured Servitude “Coolie Trade”

       1. 1

6.7 Effects of Migration

Gender Imbalance

• Majority of migrants being men —> More women than men in home society

  1. Women took traditionally male roles

     • Farming, making money

  2. Family structures changed

     • 60% of households led by women in South Africa

Ethnic Enclaves

• Migrants moving to cities —> many different ethnic enclaves in urban areas

• Outposts

  1. Provided small outpost for migrants to speak language, practice religion, and eat ethnic foods

• Cultural Diffusion

  1. Presence of ethnic enclaves —> culture diffused to surrounding areas

  2. Irish enclaves —> growth of Catholicism in America

Nativism

• Policy of protecting interests of native born people over immigrants’

• Rooted in ethnic, racial prejudice

  • Irish in America marginalized

• Chinese Exclusion Act

  1. Banned Chinese Immigration to USA

• White Australia Policy

  1. Banned Asian immigrants to Australia