Baroque (1600-1750)

Baroque in Italy

• Starts in Rome then goes to Paris

• Louis XIV

• “Odd or Flawed Pearl”

• Look for the people of authority and veneration of the saints

• Drama in Italian Baroque

• Clocks are a Baroque feature

• High Subjects: Religious, mythological, or history paintings

• Low Subjects: Genre paintings, portraits, still lifes

• Caravaggio: Influential painter, revolutionary and dramatic, murdered a man over a tennis match, drunken brawls, sword attacks, throwing artichokes at a waiter, basically we mainly know him from police reports, exiled and died under mysterious circumstances, paints religious paintings but brings the religious figures/events down to earth, earthly gritty realism, subjects were usually his drinking buddies, uses tenebroso

• Tenebroso: play of light and dark

• Artemesia: Was an artist in her dad’s shop, was raped by another student and went to court for it, but was blamed. She paints scenes of heroic women

Baroque in France

• Artistic captical shifts to Paris

• Where it will stay till after WW2

  • Reign of Louix XIV (1660-1715)

    • Art served the king

    • Established royal academy of the arts

      • could enroll into school if you wanted to be an artist

    • “Sun King”

      • Danced the role of Apollo as a teenager

    • French Classicism

      • Controlled, sophisticated, classic art

• “Pouissin’s grand style/manor”

  Painting should always be set in an ideal landscape

  grand subjects

• Paints in Rome

• Has an infinity for the classical past

• French classicism

Baroque in Flanders

• Modern day Belgium - loose Holland to the Calvinists

• Muscular bodies in motion

  • Women are plush (rubenesque)

Baroque in Holland

• protestant - expertise in Netherlands

  • Sea scapes

• Dutch baroque

• Simplistic with church accuration

• Painting fur

Baroque in England

• 1588 British defeated Spanish armada

• James 1st - first of the Stewart line

  • Established first colony - Jamestown in Virginia (Virgin Queen Elizabetg\h)

• Charles I later comes to thrown

  • Believes divine right

  • refuses to share power with Parlement

  • 1642 - outbreak of Civil war in England

  • Charles supporters - Cavalers

  • Puritans, Roundheads led by Cromwell

    • Capture Charles 1 and publicly execute him by White hall

• London - Great Fire of 1666

  • Devastates central London

• Charles II associated with Devil because of Great Fire of 1666 (666 mark of the beast)

  • Rebuilds and hires 2 main architects - Christopher Wren and Indigo Jones

Della Porta: Il Gesu

• Alberti Scrolls

• Columns

• 1584 for the facade

• Mother church of the Jesuits of Rome

• Jesuits led charge for the counter-reformation

  • Jesuits were great explorers

• Tympanum, Pediments, Column groupings

• (Inside) - Dramatic

  • Monumental nave

  • Side chapels (NO side aisles) - private veneration of the saints, can’t see the main alter in the side chapels

  • Romanesque type plan, compartmentalized

Giovanni Battista Gualli: Triumph of Jesus

• Ceiling

• Stucco and Painted Fresco

• Molded into looking like people

• Monogram (Jesus Savior of Human Kind) in the sunburst

• Story of the last judgementWell rendered to be 3-d, some forms can cast shadows

• Di Sotto in sù (scene from below)

St Peters in Rome with Bramante, Michelangelo, Della Porto, Maderno, and Bernini

• Bremonte’s central plan

• Bernini adds fountains to it

• Obalist symbol but stuck a cross on top

• Collunade to symbolize as a hug

• Pilgrim’s way (walk on knees whole way to Vatican)

• First St. Peters was torn down by Julius 2nd and commissioned the newer one

• Maderno adds the nave and facade to it (“Maderno’s Mistake” because the fascade is too big and dwarfs the dome)

• Convects and Concaves

• Play with light and shadows

• Inclusion of clocks

Bernini: Baldacchino

• Canopy that goes over the high alter

• Marks the tomb of St. Peter

• Dramatic

• Multi colored marble to indicate Italy

• Spiral columns and vines

• 4 angels on corners and serpentine looking swoops

• Orb in the cross all the way at the top

• Lots of movement

• Bernini = Baroque

• Right under the dome

• Bronze for it was taken from Pantheon (Spolia)

• Very Church triumphant

Bernini: Cathedra Petri

• People authority

• Architecture, painting, and sculpture

• Apse of the basilica

• Chair of Peter

• Elevated on platform and four church fathers are holding it up (2 greek orthodox on side and 2 latin in middle)

• Keys and tiara for pope

• Gold sunburst and dove in the middle for represting father, sun, holy spirit

• Oval shape

Bernini: David

• David while fighting Goliath

• Unseen subject - looks like he’s about to pitch a baseball

• Diagnol opposed to straight up standing as other Davids do

• Angry in motion expression

• Drama, action, emotion

• Supposedly David has Bernini’s face

Bernini: The Ecstasy of St. Theresa in Cornaro Chapel

• One block of marble

• Stucco

• Middle of the 17th century

• For St. Theresa

• “Ecstasy” - When they are closest to God

• Sculptural interpretation of her diary

  • Visions from God

  • Got visions after the death of her father

  • Persistent pain in side from angel pushing an arrow dipped in fire in her side

  • Angel’s arrow gave her “delightful anguish”

• Mystical saint in the Spanish Counter-reformation

• Located in Santa Maria Della Toria

• Opera boxes of the patrons watching the scene happen

Maderno: Santa Maria della Vittoria

• Rome

• Where St. Theresa’s ecstacy is

• Original dedicated to St. Paul, but now Virgin Mary

• Turkish flag is on display

• 6 palasters with no structural purpose, ionic

• Pediments and alberti schrolls

Borromini: St. Carlo (Charles) of the Four Fountains

• Church with plaza

• Bernini designed most of the fountains in Rome

• Square with four fountains

• 1676

• Convex/Concave play on the church building

• Experimental and somewhat unorthodox

  • Oval floor plan

  • Facade follows the street and faces the intersection, at a diaganol

  • Different shades of white with gold

Borromini: St. Ivo

• 1642

• Patron saint of drifts

• East end has a sepinza, seat of the university of Rome

  • Symbolizes wisdom and learning

• Centralized hexagonal plan with apses on its side

• Central dome is unified with the walls, walls usually support the weight of the dome looking very separated instead of looking very continuous

• Concave against the convex surfaces on the front

• Impressive to have unified walls at the time when transitioning

• Palasters

Carracci: Landscape with the Flight into Egypt

• 1603

• oil on canvas

• nature appears calm and orderly

• mary, joseph, christ

• Beauty of the conscious eye

• Landscape with flight into Egypt

  • Classical/Ideal - Nature friendly and divided into 3 areas

    • Foreground: has the subjects

    • Middleground: Architecture and/or ruins

    • Background: Landscape

Caravaggio: The Conversion of St. Paul

• 1601

• Oil on canvas

• highlighted mature style and naturalism

• Human drama

• Not an idealization as seen in previous art periods

• When St. Paul converts to christianity

  • Veneration of saints

  • Did not believe in Christianity

  • thrown off of a horse by a blinding light (God’s light)

  • Was blinded for days and then converted to Christianity

• Very realistic, was rejected at first because of how rough Paul looked

• 8×6ft piece

Caravaggio: The Calling of St Matthew

• Jesus calls on Matthew

• 1600s

• Oil on Canvas

• beam of light represents a spiritual awakening

• In a series with the Martyr dome of Matthew and

• People question which one St. Matthew is

• Pope Francis really resonates with this piece

• Jesus has a wisp of a halo

• Matthew was a tax collecter

• Tenebroso

Artemisia Gentileschi: Judith and the Head of Holofernes

• Heroic woman art work

• Dramatic lighting

• Holofernes is an invading Asyrian general. He likes Judith and so he goes into Judith’s tent and she gets him drunk. Judith and her maid servant catch him and sever his head saving Israel

Fra Andrea Pozzo: The Glorification of St. Ignatius

• Ceiling fresco

• Counter-reformation

• De Soto insu

• Ignatius - founder of the Jesuits

• Looks like a limitless space

Ribera: The Martyrdom of St. Philip

• 

  Teneroso

• Attention is drawn to St. Philip’s white skin

• Looks very gritty

• Counter-reformation

• Veneration of saints

• Hoisted on cross and beheaded in the end

Zurbaran: St. Serapion

• 1628

• oil on canvas

• Based on 3rd crusade of 1196

• Martyrdom while preaching to muslims of Spain at the time

• Was captured, tied to a tree, tourtoured, and decapitated

• Patroned by wealthy spanish monestatic orders

• Before his sainthood, he was a common Spanish monk preaching to muslims of the area

• Can tell who he is by name tag

• Tenebroso

Velazquez: The Water Carriers of Seville

• very earthy colors to show that is a genre scene

• multiple ages

• “realistic tenebroso because you can barely see the guy in the back but due to natural shadows

• the older guy in the front is barely acknowledging the younger kid

Velazquez: Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)

• Maybe an artist in his studio or a group portrait or genre scene

• Phillip Habsburg kept this in his private study

• Focus on the bride and maids of honor, but maybe its really a focus on the king and queen and their perspective

• lots of dramatic light, draws eye to the back of the painting

• people are in the shadows

Rubens: The Elevation of the Cross

• Christ is highly muscular

• Diagnol lines to further accentuate Jesus and what is happening

• Foreshortening within the people

Rubens: Marie de Medici

• 24 hour paint cycle commision by Marie de Medici

Georges de Tour : Adoration of the Shepards

• 1644

• Gospel of Luke

• Not in a manger, in a wicker basket

• Did religious scenes lit by candle light

• Sheep lamb of God

• Not a typical nativity scene

• Tenebroso, light shown on Jesus

• Candle in hand becomes his trademark

• No idealizing, genre scene, can’t really outwardly tell that it is a nativity scene

• de Tour usually makes quiet genre scenes of the peasant class

Louis le Nain: Peasant Family of Family of Country People

• Show peasant class with respect and dignity

• Emphasizes rustic virtue

• This time was really hard on peasant class

Pouissin: Landscape with the Burial of Phocian

• Athenian general who was put to death unjustly by country men

Pouissin: Rape of the Sebian Women

• Grand subject matter

• French classical

• Controlled, strict formula

• Brutal

• Roman signaling his people to start attack

• People of the country were caught in the middle of dancing

Perrault: East Façade of the Louvre

• 1667-1670

• Italian, French classical elements

• One of the first major architectural projects by Louis XIV

• Not going for height, more so horizontal

• Royal palace, not a museum, Napoleon makes it a museum

Versailles: Le Vau, Hardouin-Mansart, LeBrun, Le Notre

• Andre le Notre was the landscaper and le Brun was the interior decorater and painter

• Built for a haunting lodge originally

• Most famous room is the hall of mirrors that catches the sun’s rays

• Meant to emphasize Louis’s importance and wealth

• Outside structure is very classical and contains elements from Ancient Greek temples

• if you are a courtier, you’d have to travel to Versaille

• Benchmark for royal palaces

• A way to keep control over this people

• French classicism

  • Very orderly

• Louis’s bed is very center

• The closest to the palace you are, the more manicured the garden is, further you are from the palace, the more rustic it is

  • Continental Garder

    • More manicured, handmade

  • English garden

    • Rustic and harder to discern the hand of man

    • There may be a fountain

Hardouin-Mansart: Church of the Invalides

• 1671

• Burial place of Napolean and home for disabled children and soldiers

• Elements of the classical past

• French classicism

• Louis XIV used art as a propaganda piece

• Very intricate dome, triple layered

Inigo Jones: Banqueting House at Whitehall

• 1619 - 1662

• Studied Palladio’s work

• James 1 and Charles 1

• Uses Ionic and corinthian pillars

• Royal house mainly used for banquets

• Roof is older than the Louve’s facade

• Where Charles I was publicly executed in 1649

• Not impressed by Italian baroque and Michelangelo, but impressed by Palladio’s villa-rotunda

Christopher Wren: St. Paul’s Cathedral

Christopher Wren:

• Mathematical genius

• Skilled engineer praised by Isaac Newton

• Prof of Gresham College at 25

Church:

• Great fire happened and Wren made new church

• Charles II

• Palladian, French, and Italian Baroque features

• 1675-1710

• Facade design is inspired by Palladio (lower levels) and Borromini (upper levels and lanterns of the towers) - sculpturesque twin towers that frame the dome

• The paired column porticos show homage to the Louvre’s east facade

• Took a little more than 30 years

• Final appereance of the towers was not determined until after 1700

• Foreground towers that act as foils

• St. Paul is the tallest dome designed by Wren

• Anglican cathedral