Untitled Flashcards Set

Causes of death in 1900: Tuberculosis, Pneumonia & Influenza, Heart disease, Diarrhea, Strokes

Causes of death in 2000: Heart disease, Cancer, Strokes, Pulminary disease, Accidents

DRI (Dietary Reference Intake): Were instituted in 1997 to make a broader system of dietary standards

AI (Adequate Intake Levels): Nutrient intake of healthy populations that appears to support adequate nutritional status; established when RDA's cannot be determined

EAR (Estimated Average Requirements): The amount of a nutrient that meets the physiological requirements of half the healthy population of similar individuals. Measured by a Balance Study

RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance): The average intake of a nutrient thought to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%) healthy people in a specified life stage and sex

UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level): Highest level of usual daily nutrient intake likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects. Helps assess supplements & excess amounts of fortified foods. Vitamin D and selenium are about 7x their RDA

Inverted U Curve: The curve shows that as the level of stress increases, the performance level also increases

DV (Daily Value): Used for food labels, recommended intakes of nutrients based on either a 2,000 or 2,500 KCal diet

1880s: Rubner/Atwater- Atwater Numbers

1900: Humans obey 1st Law of Thermodynamics

1913: McCollum & Others discover Fat Soluble "A"

1914: Goldberger showed Pellagra was a nutritional deficiency (vitamin B6)

1910 to 1950: Age of Vitamins discovery

1941: Enrichment Act (grains/cereals)

1943: First RDA's formulated to help feed troops adequate food

1953: Watson and Crick publish the Double Helix

1980: Beginning of Obesity

1990: Nutrition Labeling and Education Act

1994: DSHEA becomes law

1997: RDA's became DRI's - a broader system of standards

2000-2019: Age of Nutrition Mis-Information - was born along with the Internet

First Foundation of Nutrition: The Nutrition Balance Studies: About 50 years of research or more that determined the DRIs.

Second Foundation of Nutrition: Atwaters numbers for carbohydrates, fat, and protein in food. Determined by Bomb Calorimeter

Third Foundation of Nutrition: Atwater numbers are upheld in humans and animals. First Law of Thermodynamics - energy cannot be created or destroyed

How are fat and gasoline similar?: They are essentially hydrocarbons, or chemical compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen covalently bonded together. Both fire and metabolism require oxygen. The more

oxygen consumed, the more energy used, the more work done

Enterocytes: Absorptive cells

How is glucose transported into the intestinal enterocyte?: Sodium - glucose co transport

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides: Lactase, sucrase, maltose

Polysaccharides: Glucose connected with alpha bonds -called starch

Glucose: Most abundant monosaccharide in body. Provides ATP to cells. Co-transported with sodium

Polysaccharide in Animals: Glycogen

Polysaccharide in Plants: Starch

Glycogen: Found in liver & skeletal muscles. Very little in humans, essentially just enough energy for one day

Starch: Stored in Endosperm

Amylopectin: Branched starch

Amylose: Straight chain starch

Cellulose: Chains of glucose with beta bonds, made by plants for structure & can be utilized by humans

Dietary Fiber: Group of polysaccharides that are not digested or absorbed

Insoluble Fibers: Cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin

Insoluble fibers provide: They provide bulk and slow glucose absoprtion

Soluble Fibers: Pectin, gums, mucilages

Soluble fibers help with: Help with prevention of chronic diseases, slow glucose absorption, and lower blood cholesterol better

What is the different between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?: Type 1: No (or low) Insulin produced by Pancreas Type 2: Body becomes resistant to insulin

GI (Glycemic Index): Height of blood Glucose Response of food (with 50 g glucose). Tells you how fast glucose enters you

Foods with High GI: Baked potato, waffles, corn, french fries

Foods with Low GI: Apples, grapes, raisins

Protein: 15% of total KCal

Fat: 35% of total KCal

Carbohydrates: 50% of total KCal

DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act): Deregulated dietary supplements and undermined the FDA's regulatory authority over supplements/conventional foods

Atwater Numbers: The estimated energy (caloric) content assigned to the three macronutrients

Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g

Protein: 4 kcal/g

Lipid: 9 kcal/g

Gasoline: 11 kcal/g

Alcohol: 7 kcal/g

Insulin: Regulates how the body uses and stores glucose and fat