Mass Calculation

Isotopes of Bromine: 78.92 amu (50.69%), 80.92 amu (49.31%)

78.92 (0.5092)+ 80.92 (0.4931)= 79.91 amu

Electrons in an Atoms Orbit

• Electronegativity helps with the attractiveness of electrons

• The nucleus (ZEFF) has a positive charge which helps to attract negative electrons

• Columb’s Law: the relationship and distance between particles

• Adding electrons increases size and repulsion forces which need extra space: if ZEEF doesn’t change the size increases= less force

Mass Spec

• Use isotopes and abundance values to determine what element is given

• Gas is more spread out, less attraction is formed, so more data is gathered by the spectrometer

• The mass of the isotope is determined by how many times particles hit a certain area (higher= lighter lower= heavier)

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

• Graphs electrons and their binding energy/ ionization energy (mJ/mol)

• S: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 [Xe] 3s2 3p4

• The farther the electron is away from the nucleus the weaker the bond

• Adding more electrons will increase the number of electrons and decrease the amount of binding energy on the valence shell

• More protons cause more pull in the binding energy