STUDY GUIDE #12 Unit 7

STUDY GUIDE #12

Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Since 1200

Study Guide, (Since 1200: pp.526-562)

Chapter 12, Milestones of the Past Century: War and Revolution 

The First World War: A European Crisis, 1914-1918

1.  What developments in the 19^th century were long-term causes of WWI? 

1. what developements in the 19th cenury were long term causes of WWI?

• Italy and Germany joining fragmented territories into new power

• fast industriazliation

• defeat of Napolian

• Triple Alliance vs. Tripe Entente

• Nationalism
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

2.  Besides alliances, what issues lay at the heart of, and contributed to, the war’s beginning?

assination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• nationalism—> wide spread support for war, goverment welcomed to it

• industrialed militerism—> standing armies——> high trigger mentality

• threat to Austro-Hungarian of serbia nationalism
  
  
  
  
  

3.  How did the rapid industrialization of warfare affect the war?

generated submaries, tanks, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, barbed wires

• this caused causlities

• developped war plans/ stragegy

• substational standing armies/naveys
  
  
  

4.  In what ways did WWI mark new departures for countries around the globe in the history of the 20^th century?

• funneled colonial troops and laborers into war efforts

• taking over colonies

• new allies

• men from colonies asisting

• German colonies assets seized

• US/Ottomans involvement
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

5. Explain the concept of “Total War”

• mobilization of each countries entire poopulation

• goverment authority increased

• propganda campaigns to paint an inhuman energy

• elite—> illusionment—→ mock enlightenment views(tolerence and rationality)—> as Europeans lose
  
  
  

6. What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

• germany los colonial empire andd 15% of european territory

• pay heavy reparations to the winners

• military forces serverly restricted

• accept sole responsiblity for the out break of the war

• Marked the begining of world communism
  
  
  
  
  
  

7. What factors contributed to the Russian Revolution and the victory of the Bolsheviks? 

• no democracy

• tension of russian society, works agaisnt elites, punished newspapers for revenge

• tsar Nicolus II adbication

• social upheavel

  • peasents

  • soviets

  • trade3 uniions

    • autonomy/independence from russia
      Bolsheviks end war, land for peasents, workers control factories, self determination for nonrussian nationality

    • Russian army desertian

    • increased Nationalsim
      
      
      

8. Explain the features of communist-led planned economies.

• 
  socialist society—> modernization and industrailization

• central values of selffesness and collectism, social equality

• marxist idealogy

• elites enjoy privalges but still under cocialsm expectations: disapline, selflessness, loyalty to country

• Totalitism: state controled and regulated everything according to right thinking

• 5-year planning; heavy industry and massive mobliization of human and material reasources

• eliminated unemployment

• massive improvments in literacy ratse and educational opportunities, allowing far greater social moblity

• industrialization fostered reapid urbanization
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

9. Explain how China’s rapid industrialization differed from the Soviet Unions. 

• china was non state sponsored/ rebulican

• Soviet uniion was state sponsered communist
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Capitalism Unraveling: The Great Depression

10.  How did the Great Depression affect the relationship between governments and their citizens? 

• import substitiuion= producing for internal market instead of exports—> exporting countries suffered

• challenged the goverments of industrialist capitalist counties—> favor soviet uniion’s way

• the people wanted the goverment to be for the people/ democrativ rather than abosolut/ peaceful means and electorial politics

• increase in state power/public spending

• goverment enforced imediate spending, minimum wage, long term reforms relief and welfare programs, support fot labor unions, subsides for farmers
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

11.  Explain the continuing spread of the Great Depression from America to Europe.

• unemployment everywhere and producing more goods then what they can see

• stock market prices increased which led to eccompoased industrial economies of Europe(trade debt investment)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

12.  What rendered other societies vulnerable to changes in the world market?

• Colones tied to export experienced dramatic fall in exportation=wide spread unemployment
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Democracy Denied: The Authoritarian Alternative 

13.  In what ways did fascism challenge the ideas and practices of European liberalism and democracy?  

• 
  
  increased after the war

• intensely nationalistic, seeking revitalize and purify the nations to mobilize it’s people for some grand task

• prasied violence

• condemed liberalism and democracy saying it divided and weakened the nation opposition to modern life

• lost faith in the capacity of liberal democracy and capitalism to create a good society and protect their interest
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

14.  Who was Benito Mussolini and how did he rise to power?

• 
  former journalism with a socialiest background(corperate state

• help of private army(black shirts)

• swept to power 1922 amid violence

• promised alternative to communsim, order, party based polictics, maintainingn traditional social orders

• anti communist of democratic

• cruel excecution of this policy(arrest and death to opponesnts, disbanded groups agasint political party
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

15.  How was the German expression of Nazism like that of its Italian counterpart? How was it different? 

• same Fasciem

• extreme nationalism

• advocated use of violence as a political tool

• single party dictorship

• hates paliament democracy and communism

• authoritarian, nationalist regimes

Different

• did not advise national power until 1933

• economy ground to a halt

• Nazi Germany was more extreme in its racial ideology, totalitarian control, and genocidal policies, while Italian Fascism leaned more toward traditional cultural revival and corporatism.

• enabled by great depression
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

16.  What was the basis of popular support for the Nazis?

• 
  
  nationalsim

• racial superiity

• hate for jew as alien presence

• opposition to communism

• redemptiion from treaty of versailles

• take on economic problems
  
  
  
  
  

17.  What was Hitler’s leadership message to the Germans?

In essence, Hitler’s message was built on promises of restoring Germany’s former glory, creating a unified and powerful state, and identifying enemies (especially Jews) to blame for Germany's struggles. His emotionally charged speeches and manipulative propaganda played a key role in convincing many Germans to embrace his vision.

18.  What did Hitler do once he was in power?

• 
  
  consolidate nazi control of germany

• all other parties outlawed

• ended independent labor unions

• opponests arrested

• state controled press and radio
  
  
  
  
  

19.  How did Hitler’s policies bring Germany successfully out of the Depression?

• 
  
  
  invested in large building projects and rearmed the militray

• increased employment

• claimed the legacy of modern science: scientific racism
  
  
  
  

20.  How did Japan’s experience during the 1920s and 1930s resemble that of Germany, and how did it differ?  

same:

• new comers of great power status

• limited experience in democracy

• autoritarian goverment

• uememploymenet

• rebell agasint democracy

• extreme nationalism

• censorship

• brought out of the depression

• imperial ambitions

• racial purity

different:

• participation mimimal

• economy grew alot during the war

• more democratic and western cultural values

• education increased

• enlightment

• elite circles establishments

• no facist party or power struggle

• no corrupt leader

• more free control

• military most dominate politically
  - feminisnt movements
  
  
  
  
  

A Second World War

21.  What were the similarities and difference in the causes of war in Western Europe and Asia? 

same:

• nationalism<desire for power

• militray takeover but no resistencee from forign party

• attackes and takeover

• major attacks on major cities

• resentment to others

different:

• japans dependence on other nations for resources

• europe Germany resentment to other counties

• japan neglect of resources

• europe was power oriented
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

22.   Why were the beginnings of WWI and WWII in Europe different? 

wwi= accidental and unintended

• people wanted to take part

• trench warfare

wwii

• delibert planned, desired

• not welcomed by the people

• blitzkring warfare
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

23. What were the effects of technology on the 20^th century warfare causalities? 

• 60 millian deaths (6 times WWI)(civilians)

• homless

• loss of morality in warfare(blurred line between innocent and enemies)
  
  
  
  
  
  

24. How did the military use of technology in WWI differ from the military use of technology in WWI?

• 
  
  
  goverment moblity of economices, people and propoganda increased, use of colonial troops

• women into industry
  
  
  
  
  
  

25. How did WWII lead to decolonization in Asia and Africa? 

• 
  europe became impoverished and weakened its hold on its colonines,+ industrail infusltraucture scattered, millions displaced

• this led to nationalist and anticolonial movements(the people should be able to choose the goverment in which they lived in
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

26. Why was the UN formed? 

• 
  international effocts to maintain peace, resolving major conflicts of the post-war world, espically the cold war period
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

27. What actions did Stalin take to counter Western policies after WWII in Europe?

• 
  total communitlst control to russia adn other countries

• end western threat of capitalist economy network
  
  
  

28. Compare features of communism in China and the USSR.

USSR:

• indusltralization

• working class in major cites

• peasent uprising

• state control

• Promoted class struggle with an emphasis on the working class. Intellectuals and elites were often targeted during purges.

• Focused on rapid industrialization through centralized five-year plans, prioritizing heavy industry. Agriculture was collectivized, often forcibly, leading to famines.

• Followed Marxist-Leninist principles, emphasizing a global revolution led by the working class. The Soviet model prioritized industrial workers as the revolutionary class.

China

• peasent oriented

• women rights

• no peasent rebllions

• military protected liberated areas

• woman rights
  Focused on peasant empowerment. Mao's Cultural Revolution sought to purge "bourgeois" elements, targeting intellectuals, officials, and even party members.

• Pursued industrial growth through campaigns like the Great Leap Forward, which aimed to boost agriculture and industry simultaneously but resulted in economic disaster and mass starvation.

• Adapted Marxist-Leninist ideas under Mao Zedong, incorporating a strong focus on peasants as the driving force of revolution, given China’s largely agrarian society.
  
  
  
  

29. What strategies did the Chinese Communist Party implement to win popular support? 

• 
  
  appealed to majority population

• military portection to liberated areas

• resisting japanese invaders

• reduced rents, taxes and interest payments for peasants; taught literacy to adults; moblized women for the stuggle
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

30. How did WWII contribute to the rise of the Chinese Communist Party? 

• 
  japanese invasion into china caused dependancy on conserative landlords

• vigor CCP waged war agaisnt invaders using new warfare technigues(measure of security)

• addressed forien imperalist peasent exploitation