Behavioural components
Physiological theories (sequence problem: Which comes first—arousal or feeling?)
Functions of emotion
Emotion Regulation – deliberate or automatic strategies to modulate experience or expression.
Stress – physiological & psychological reaction to perceived demands > resources.
Trauma-related disorders
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) – Hans Selye’s 3-phase model of chronic stress physiology:
HPA Axis
Health consequences
Cognitive/affective shift: narrowed focus on negatives, diminished growth & social engagement.
Everyday stress measurement
Biobehavioural stress responses
Ten empirically supported coping strategies
Subjective Well-Being (SWB) – self-reported happiness + life satisfaction.
PERMA model (Seligman) – five building blocks of flourishing:
Core mindsets
Dual influence: biological & sociocultural.
Eating disorders (ranked by prevalence)
Beyond reproduction; includes bonding & pleasure (seen across social species).
Sexual Response Cycle (Masters & Johnson):
Gendered Orgasm Gap
Ovulation-linked behavioural shifts
Intrinsic Motivation – activity undertaken for inherent satisfaction (e.g., reading for curiosity) → correlated with creativity & persistence.
Extrinsic Motivation – actions performed for external reward (salary, grades).
Perseverance / Grit – long-term passion + sustained effort; common denominator among high achievers.
Mindsets (Dweck)