PATHFIT

Chapter 1: Introduction

• Historical Overview of Physical Education in the Philippines

  • Reflects the cultural evolution and colonial influences.

  • Evolution from indigenous survival skills to organized education.

Pre-Spanish Period: Survival and Tradition

• Physical activities were integral to survival and culture of indigenous people.

  • Negritos (Aetas) practiced running, jumping, and climbing for hunting and protection.

  • Enjoyed music and dances like "Juna Camote" and "Pina Pa-ni-lan."

• Indonesians and Malays focused on farming and fishing activities.

  • Introduced ceremonial dances such as Cañao.

  • Cockfighting emerged as a popular sport introduced by Malays around 1212.

Spanish Period: European Influences and Formal Education

• Limited impact on physical activities except enforced labor.

• Introduced European dances enjoyed by the elite, like fandangos and polka.

• Popular traditional games included:

  • Pabitin, Palo sebo, Juego de anillo.

  • Girls participated in games like Sungka, Siklot, and Piko.

• Educational institutions were established, but PE was not formally included in the curriculum.

  • Ateneo de Municipal de Manila included gymnastics.

  • 1863: Normal school for men opened.

  • Health inspections and a gymnastics room for women introduced in educational settings.

American Period: Western Sports and Formal Curriculum

• Major shift in physical education post-Treaty of Paris (1898).

  • Physical education formally introduced in schools (1901).

  • Popularized Western sports: baseball, track and field, tennis.

  • Basketball introduced for girls in 1910 but discontinued in 1914.

  • 1911: Athletic handbook published outlining sports rules.

  • PE became a required subject in public schools (1920).

• Japanese occupation maintained PE subject in secondary schools, emphasizing attendance, skill proficiency, and sportsmanship.

• Establishment of the National College of Physical Education (1947) offering PE programs.

• Republic Act No. 5078 (1969) integrated PE into basic education curriculum ensuring continuous sports and fitness programs.

Conclusion

• The history reflects the adaptation and evolution of physical activity's importance across different eras.

• Current emphasis on developing healthy lifestyles, sportsmanship, and physical literacy.

Legal Bases of Physical Education

• 1987 Constitution, Article XIV: Promoting physical education and sports programs to develop a healthy citizenry.

• Republic Act No. 5708 (1969): Promotes an integrated PE and sports development program in schools focusing on:

  1. Appreciation of physical and mental development.

  2. Opportunities for athletic development and sports.

  3. Well-rounded programs for growth and discipline.

  4. Proper planning for sports development within schools.

Chapter 2: Training Basics

• Understanding Body Mechanics

  • The body functions as a machine enabled by the skeleton (206 bones) and muscles (640 muscles).

  • Muscle Function: Muscle pairs pull on bones, coordinating for balance and precise movements.

  • Cardiovascular System: Heart pumps blood, maintains muscle health, and helps temperature control.

Fitness and Training

• Fitness Components:

  • Aerobic vs Anaerobic Systems:

    • Anaerobic system provides immediate energy for short, intense activities.

    • Aerobic system supports prolonged, less intense activities.

• Muscular Fitness:

  • Strength: Maximum force produced by muscles.

  • Endurance: Ability to sustain muscle activity.

  • Speed, Flexibility, Balance, Agility: Fundamental components for athletic performance.

Benefits of Training

• Enhanced performance, quicker recoveries, and reduced fatigue and injuries.

• Energy regimes adapt for performance efficiency.

Anatomy of a Workout

• Warm-Up:

  • Increases body temperature, blood flow, and prepares cardiovascular system.

  • Three phases: aerobic activities, stretching, sport skills practice.

• Cool-Down:

  • Helps prevent post-exercise complications like blood pooling.

  • Two phases: low-intensity exercise and stretching.

Chapter 3: Training Principles

• Eight Training Principles:

  1. Specificity Principle: Train relevant energy systems and muscles.

  2. Overload Principle: Increase demands on the body for adaptation.

  3. Progression Principle: Gradually increase training demands.

  4. Diminishing Returns Principle: Improvement rate slows as fitness level increases.

  5. Variation Principle: Cycle intensity and exercises to prevent overuse injuries.

  6. Reversibility Principle: Fitness gains diminish when training is stopped.

  7. Individual Differences Principle: Tailor training to each athlete’s unique responses.

  8. Moderation Principle: Slow, gradual training progression is necessary.

Six Basic Nutrients Overview

• Carbohydrates:

  • Primary energy source, aids in brain function and muscle recovery.

• Proteins:

  • Essential for tissue repair, enzyme production, and energy supply.

• Fats:

  • Major energy storage source, regulates body temperature.

• Vitamins:

  • Catalysts for metabolic processes, assists in immune function.

• Minerals:

  • Essential for structural formation and regulating body processes.

• Water:

  • Vital for hydration, nutrient transport, and temperature control.