Grammar I

English Grammar Notes

Introduction

• The purpose of this resource is to provide a comprehensive understanding of English grammar in an accessible manner.

• The structure of English sentences requires coherent use of grammar to convey clear and accurate messages.

Contents Overview

• Verb 'to be': Forms and usage of the verb in different tenses.

• Present Tenses: Explanation of Present Simple and Present Continuous tenses including examples.

• Past Tenses: Rules governing Past Simple, Past Continuous, and Present Perfect tenses with necessary examples.

• Future Tenses: Exploration of Future Simple, Future Continuous, and how to express future plans.

Key Grammar Rules

1. Verb 'To Be'

• Conjugation in Present Tense:

  • I am

  • You are

  • He/She/It is

  • We are

  • They are

2. Present Simple vs. Present Continuous

• Present Simple: Used for habits or facts.

  • Example: "I play tennis every weekend."

• Present Continuous: Used for actions happening now or temporary actions.

  • Example: "I am playing tennis now."

3. Past Simple vs. Past Continuous

• Past Simple: Used for completed actions in the past.

  • Example: "I played tennis yesterday."

• Past Continuous: Used for actions that were ongoing in the past.

  • Example: "I was playing tennis when it started to rain."

4. Future Simple and Future Continuous

• Future Simple: Used for spontaneous decisions or predictions.

  • Example: "I will call you later."

• Future Continuous: Used for ongoing actions at a specific future time.

  • Example: "I will be studying at 7 PM."

5. Conditionals

• First Conditional: Real and possible future situations (if + present simple, will + base verb).

  • Example: "If it rains, I will stay home."

• Second Conditional: Hypothetical situations (if + past simple, would + base verb).

  • Example: "If I won the lottery, I would buy a house."

6. Modals of Permission and Ability

• Can/Could: Expressing ability or permission.

  • Example: "I can swim."

• May/Might: Expressing possibility.

  • Example: "It might rain today."

Special Cases and Exceptions

A. Irregular Verbs

• Many verbs in English do not follow standard conjugation patterns.

• Examples include 'break' -> 'broke' -> 'broken'.

B. Plurals

• Regular nouns generally form plurals by adding -s or -es; however, there are many exceptions.

• Irregular nouns include:

  • Child -> Children

  • Mouse -> Mice

Common Expressions

• Familiar expressions used in everyday English that can help with fluency:

  • "What's up?"

  • "I need to get out more."

  • "Let’s grab something to eat."

Practice Exercises

• Complete the sentences using the correct verb forms, conditionals, or modals as discussed.

Conclusion

• Mastery of English grammar is a continuous process, and understanding the rules allows for clearer communication.