Untitled Flashcards Set

The upper extremity

Bones of the shoulder girdle

·      Scapula

·      Clavicle

·      Humorous

·      Sternum

Joints

·      Sternoclavicular joint

·      Acromioclavicular joint

·      Glenohumeral joint

Bony landmarks of the scapula

·      Superior, lateral and inferior angles

·      Glenoid cavity, coracoid process, acromion process, spine

·      Superior, medial and lateral boarders

Scapula actions

·      Adduction (retraction)

·      aBduction (protraction)

·      upward rotation

·      downward rotation

·      depression

·      elevation

Bony landmarks of the humerus

·      head

·      greater and lesser tubercle

·      intertubercular groove

·      deltoid tuberosity

Glenohumeral actions

·      flexion/ extension

o   on the sagittal plane

·      aBduction/adduction

o   on the frontal plane

o   approx. frontal plane but actually in scapular plane

·      internal/external rotation

o   in the transverse plane

Specialized structures

·      glenoid labrum

o   equivalent to acetabular labrum

o   stability, reduce friction

·      Coracoacromial arch

o   Protects against trauma to top

o   Site of shoulder impingement

Muscles of the back and shoulder

·      Trapezius

o   Scapular adduction, upward rotation, elevation, depression

o   Activate to bring shoulders away from ears in fifth position

·      Deltoids (anterior, middle, posterior)

o   Shoulder flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, aBduction

·      Pectoralis Major

o   Shoulder flexion, extension, internal rotation, adduction

o   Pushing, throwing, punching movements

·      Latissimus dorsi

o   Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation

o   Broadest muscle of the back

o   Keeping shoulders depressed, inversions lowering

Rotator Cuff muscles (sits)

·      Supraspinatus- shoulder aBduction

·      Infraspinatus- shoulder external rotation

·      Teres minor- shoulder external rotation

·      Subscapularis- shoulder internal rotation

·      Which may be easily compressed?

o   Supraspinatus

Other shoulder muscles

·      Levator scapulae- scapular elevation, downward rotation, adduction

o   Contour of the neck

·      Serratus anterior- scapular aBduction, upward rotation, and depression

o   Strengthening to help winged scapula

Scapulohumeral rhythm

Injuries and misalignments

·      Rolled shoulders

o   Excessive scapular protraction and internal rotation of the humerus

o   Strengthen trapezius, rhomboids, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid

o   Rows, shoulder shrugs, external rotation

·      Winged Scapula

o   Medial boarder or bottom tip protrudes

o   Strengthen serratus anterior and trapezius

o   Push up plus, face pulls with cable, farmer’s carry

·      Acromioclavicular sprain

o   Ligament injury around the joint

o   Mild stretching to complete tear

o   Cause- falling on outstretched arm on top of the shoulder

o   Recovery- rest, sling, limiting ROM, strengthen traps and delts

·      Shoulder Dislocation

o   95% in anterior position

o   Cause- trauma during protraction and external rotation

o   Result in excess laxity in the joint with recurrence of dislocation

o   Strengthening rotator cuff muscles

·      Shoulder impingement

o   Pinching of soft tissues, typically supraspinatus tendon

o   Pain with overhead movements between 45-120 degrees

o   Strengthening scapular depressors and upward rotators

Elbow

·      Humerus

o   Medial and lateral epicondyle

·      Hinge joint

o   Flexion and extension

o   Humeroulnar joint

Muscles of the upper arm

·      Biceps brachii- elbow flexion, radioulnar supination, shoulder flexion

o   Max force in supination  

·      Brachialis- elbow flexion

·      Triceps brachii- elbow extension, shoulder extension  

Lower arm

·      Bones: radius (lateral) and ulna (medial)

·      Radioulnar joint- proximal, middle, distal

·      Pivot joint- supination and pronation

Muscles of the lower arm

·      Brachioradialis- elbow flexion, pronation/supination

·      Pronator teres and pronator quadratus- pronation

·      Supinator- supination

Wrist and hand

·      Bones- carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

·      Pollex= thumb with 2 phalanges

·      Radiocarpal joint

o   Wrist joint

o   Condyloid joint- flexion/extension and abduction/adduction