carbonyls

Overview of Aldehydes and Ketones

• Dermatology Nurse Responsibilities

  • Treating skin conditions

  • Assisting in surgeries

  • Performing biopsies and excisions

  • Writing prescriptions

  • Freezing skin lesions

  • Screening patients for skin cancer

Formalin

• Formalin

  • Aqueous solution with 40% formaldehyde

  • Used as a germicide and to preserve biological specimens

Carbonyl Group Characteristics

• Definition

  • A carbonyl group is characterized by a carbon-oxygen double bond

  • Bonds in Aldehydes and Ketones:

    • Aldehydes: Bonded to at least one hydrogen atom

    • Ketones: Bonded to two carbon groups

Polarity of Carbonyl Group

• Electronegativity

  • Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon

• Dipole Moment

  • Strong dipole with partial negative charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on carbon

• Influences on Properties

  • The polarity impacts the physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones

Naming Aldehydes

• IUPAC System

  • Replace "e" in the corresponding alkane name with "al"

  • No numbering needed for aldehyde as it appears at the end of the chain

• Common Names

  • For carbon chains of 1 to 4 carbons, often referred to by common names ending in "aldehyde"

• Example

  • Aldehyde of benzene: Benzaldehyde

Learning Check for Aldehydes

• IUPAC Naming

  • Analyze and understand the longest carbon chain and position of the carbonyl group

  • Replace "e" with "al"

Naming Ketones

• Common Naming System

  • Name the alkyl groups as substituents listed alphabetically, followed by "ketone"

  • Example: Acetone (propanone)

• IUPAC Naming System

  • Replace "e" in the alkane name with "one"

  • Number chains from the end closer to the carbonyl group

• Cyclo Ketones

  • Use the prefix "cyclo"

  • Number the ring starting with the carbonyl carbon as carbon 1

Chemistry Link to Health: Important Aldehydes and Ketones

• Formalin

  • Used in syntheses for various products like fabrics and plastics

  • Exposure can cause irritation and general health issues

• Acetone or Propanone

  • Common solvent with various applications

  • Produced in the body during certain metabolic states

• Naturally Occurring Aldehydes

  • Benzaldehyde (almonds), Vanillin (vanilla), Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)

Learning Checks and Solutions

• Learning Check Examples

  • Identify compounds as aldehydes or ketones

  • Provide IUPAC names for given compounds

• Solutions to Learning Checks

  • Examples of IUPAC names provided for aldehydes and ketones

  • Analysis of compound structures and naming rules