MUSIC BUISNESS TEST 1

1. Who is credited as the father of the recording industry?- Thomas Edison

2. What company did Edison create- Edison Speaking Phonograph Company, 1887

3. What was music mostly shared by Music was mostly shared through live performances and sheet music.

4. What was the improved version of the Phonograph- The

   Graphophone

5. Cylinder Technology- played for about 2 mins, used hard plastic, and earliest commercialization medium for recording and reproducing music

6. 1910s Colombia Records phased out what technology- The cylinder

7. Emile Berliner invents the ___ in 1888- Gramophone

8. Master Disc was composed of- zinc covered with a thin layer of acid-resistant wax

9. The first international Phonograph Company- Colombia Records

10. The First peak- 1900-1925, phonographs quickly changed to the cylinder

11. Columbia Phonograph Company invented the Nickel Jukebox, allowing them to survive the dwindling 1980s economy

12. What Label dominated Europe- HMV

13. Radio was an appealing medium for massive advertising revenue, destabilizing and cutting in half the recording industry

14. To fight the fall of the industry, manufacturers improved the- form of the record, using microphones and electronic amplifiers in the studio

15. The great depression led to record companies becoming too weak to survive on their own

16. Victor was bought by the- Radio Corp of America, RCA

17. The first stereophonic recording was in Walt Disney's- Fantasia in 1940

18. “Most played in Jukeboxes” category- ranked across the US, helped measure popularity with the younger generations

19. The armed services and governments helped sponsor recordings of- 10-inch discs, and V discs

20. Fred Waring filed a- lawsuit in Pennsylvania to force the broadcasting industry to pay royalties, as standard practice never to pay the musicians, just the copyright owners.

21. Petrillos War- James Petrillo began demanding compensation for Musicians in 1942 for records being played on radio or jukeboxes.

22. Petrillos called for this from 1942 thru 1944- A general strike on all record companies

23. High Fidelity- popped up in the 1950s, being introduced to the LP

24. Business Strategy for Singles- Record Labels would put hit singles on bigger 45 RPM discs in order to force the public to buy the entire album

25. After the tape, recording engineers could- practically edit sound after the fact

26. Which two individuals would always make multitrack records- Les Paul and Mary Ford

27. Rock and Roll used effects like- echo and reverb

28. Psychedelics rock helped bring- two-channel stereophonic recordings, and the stereo effect was manipulated

29. An example of this sound was the Beatles album, - Sgt. Peppers and The Lonely Hearts Club

30. In 1966 what becomes available- 8 track cassette

31. Portable music in the 1940s- Small portable radios

32. Portable music in the 1955- efficient transitory radios

33. Philips Company in Europe introduced the- Compact Cassette on 1962

34. By the 1960s- Battery operated portables were the best-selling, displacing the LP as the dominant form of home music technology.

35. Music Television MTV in the 1980s- had emerged, linked tv and recording through the showing of music videos

36. Record executives complain that teenagers tape and swap their favorites albums and advocate- a tax on blank cassettes to make up for the lost revenue from tape trading

37. 1971 Sound Recording Amendment to protect against piracy and copying without paying for albums, sales slide in the late 1970s

38. Cassettes hit the big time with the decline of 8 track players and the introduction of the Sony Walkman in 1979

1. Big 3 Record Labels - Edison, Victor, Columbia

2. Last Big 3 Record Labels - Sony, Warner, Universal

3. The role of A&R is to create cover art T OR F- False, it is to search for and sign talent

4. How was music shared before recording? - live performances and sheet music

5. Why do major labels distribute for Indie Labels- for the sales, market share, credibility, buzz factor, and budget

6. 80s became most explosive in record audio history because of - CDs and CD Player

7. Marketing is responsible for- artwork, web campaigns, and music videos

8. Financing department in charge of endorsements and sponsorship opportunities? FALSE

This is Marketing; Finance is payroll and royalties

9. Major Labels- represent the majority of the market share, various distribution channels, and are large corporations

10. True indie labels have major distributors - FALSE

11. The master is the- ORIGINAL recording

12. PPD stands for - Published Price to Dealer

Artist royalties in the CD era

13. A “reserve” in music terms refers to- money put into holding in the event that the retailer asks for a refund for certain CDs or other products that did not sell

14. Business affairs/ legal department handle all artist contracts - TRUE

15. Recoupment requires the artists to- pay back money to the label loaned before they made a profit

16. A demo is - a sample recording of an artist’s music

17. Escalations occurs when an artist- negotiates more money or a better deal after the initial success of a project

18. The royalty rate paid to the artist is higher on albums - TRUE

19. Role of a publisher- registers work for the writer, collects money to pay to the writer, promotes the work

20. Once I have written and released a song, I should register with - The library of Congress, ASCAP, BMI

21. Harry Fox Agency issues mechanical licenses and collects rights income T OR F- TRUE

22. Every recording has how many copyrights? - TWO (composition and master recording)

23. In order to sample a record, you need permission of just the copyright owner T OR F- False, you need permission from the songwriter and the copyright owner

24. An artist who wrote their own song has full control over who can publish the song for the first time - TRUE

25. Artist has a deal for 10 percent of PPD with a 20 percent reserve. Record retails for 20 dollars. Wholesale price is 10 dollars- Since the wholesale price is 10 dollars and artist obtains 10%, the artist receives 1 dollar. However, because 20 percent of that artist payout is left in reserve, it brings that profit to 80 cents

26. Music Modernization Act- Extended Federal copyright protection to ALL Sound Recordings, regardless of their date of creation

27. Mechanical Royalties- every time a song is manufactured to be sold in a CD, downloaded in a music retail site or streamed through services like Spotify, the writer receives a mechanical royalty

28. A&R- Artist, and Repertoire, locates and signs new talent, works with a choice of producers, recording studio selection, and scouts for new trends and music

29. 360 Deal- The record label has a hand in every part of the artist’s career in order to gain more revenue streams (record sales, publishing, touring, merchandise

30. 180 Deal- Record sales plus one other source of income

31. Exclusive Recording Contract or Standard Distribution- built upon the record label behind distribution and promotion of the record, label covers cost, owns audio copyright

32. License Deal- Artist owns the copyrights and ownership of work, the label has the right to use the music for a certain time (7 years)

33. Manufacturing and Distribution- record label is responsible for Marketing and Distribution, and still recoups costs.

34. Developmental Deal (Demo/Single Deal)- Label funds artist, decides if the artist sales are worth it, depends on if single or demo does good

35. Production Deal- artist isn’t signed, but the company will produce the record and pitch it to a label to distribute, label recoups costs, pay production company and then royalties to the artist

36. The song is made up of- the music (composition) and Lyrics

37. Music Composition copyrights pay- songwriters, composers, and publishers

38. Sound recording copyright pays- performers and Record Label

39. Six Rights Given To the Copyright Holder- Reproduce, Derivative, Distribute, Publicly Display, Publicly Perform, transmit

40. Booking Agent- book performers for concerts, gigs, and other live music performances

41. Artist Manager- plan album projects, record releases and tours, marketing and merchandising, helps get paid for their work

42. Merch Sales Team- responsible for supplying merch in various stores

43. Promoter- plans events, looks for a good venue, negotiates fees, and then promotes the event

44. Tour manager- travel plans, coordinating with venues, managing money, media interactions, and scoping out local services at each tour stop.

45. Publicist- the person who deals with media and public relations

Q. World War II was a time of great tragedy worldwide,
but also a boon for the record industry. Explain what
technological developments came at the end of the
war and how that shaped a new era in the music
business?-The end of the war saw the record industry expand due to its many technological advancements. One of the main developments was the introduction of high-fidelity sound in the form of LPs, allowing for better sound quality. 45 Rpms record discs were introduced as well, allowing record labels to put entire albums on a disc, forcing consumers to buy the entire album. The tape recording was introduced, allowing audio engineers to cut and edit sound on many tracks, such as in psychedelic and rock and roll, such as two-channel stereophonic sound