kolbintro6e_lectureslides_ch02_UPLOAD

What Is the Nervous System’s Functional Anatomy?

• Chapter 2 Introduction to Brain and Behavior by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, and G. Campbell Teskey, Sixth Edition

Research Focus: Agenesis of the Cerebellum

• Agenesis: Failure of brain regions, such as the cerebellum, to develop.

• Research Opportunity: Studying brain organization and function through individuals with cerebellar agenesis.

• Brain Plasticity: Compensation in cerebral cortex function due to early life changes.

• Symptoms: Heterogeneous symptoms, including behavioral deficits and autism.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 1)

• Primary Function: Produce behavior (movement).

• Information Processing:

  • Receiving sensory information about the world.

  • Integrating that information to create perception.

  • Producing muscle control commands.

• Evolutionary Adaptation: Species evolve views and abilities to survive based on brain function.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 2)

• Neural Organization:

  • Plasticity: Neural tissue adapts by modifying its functional organization.

  • Neuroplasticity: Sensory inputs influence the structure.

  • Phenotypic Plasticity: Behavioral changes due to environmental influences.

  • Epigenetic Factors: Influences from outside the gene itself impacting development.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 3)

Anatomical Organization

• Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord.

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

  • Somatic Nervous System: Transmits sensory information and controls movement.

  • Autonomic Nervous System: Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate).

  • Enteric Nervous System: Manages the gastrointestinal system.

Functional Organization

• Afferent (incoming) and Efferent (outgoing) pathways relate to CNS activity.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 4)

• Directional Flow: Afferent information enters CNS while efferent information exits the CNS.

Basics of Understanding Brain Orientation

• Nomenclature Issues: Lack of coherence and multiple terminologies.

• Brain-Body Orientation: Reference frames include human face and body parts.

• Anatomical Orientation: Relies on the perspective from which the brain is viewed.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 5)

Orientation Terms

• Medial: Toward brain's midline.

• Lateral: Toward sides.

• Anterior: Front; Posterior: Back.

• Dorsal: Top of brain; Ventral: Bottom.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 6)

• Neural Information Flow:

  • Incoming (afferent) and outgoing (efferent) information distinguished.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 7)

• Planes of Section:

  • Coronal Section: Vertical, yielding frontal view.

  • Horizontal Section: Seen from above; a dorsal viewpoint.

  • Sagittal Section: Lengthwise from front to back, viewed from the side.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 8)

• Protection of the Brain: Triple-layered meningeal covering with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for cushioning.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 9)

Cerebral Geography

• Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes:

  • Frontal: Executive function, decision making.

  • Parietal: Sensory integration.

  • Temporal: Auditory functions, memory.

  • Occipital: Vision.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 10)

• Cortex Structure:

  • Cerebrum, cerebellum, gyrus (bumps), sulcus (cracks), various fissures defining brain structure.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 11)

• Internal Features:

  • Gray Matter: Cell bodies and dendrites.

  • White Matter: Myelinated axons.

  • Corpus Callosum: Connects hemispheres.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 12)

• Cerebral Circulation: Major arteries supply blood; relevance of blood flow to brain function.

Overview of Brain Function and Structure (Part 13)

• Neurons: Basic units of the nervous system connected by axons.

  • Tracts and Nerves: Collection of nerve fibers in CNS and PNS.

The Conserved Pattern of Nervous System Development (Part 1)

• Complexity of the Human Brain: Retains features of less complex mammals.

• Behavioral Involvement: Most behaviors arise from multiple brain regions.

The Conserved Pattern of Nervous System Development (Part 2)

• Nervous System Structure:

  • Various layers, hierarchically and functionally complex, influencing behavior.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 1)

• Spinal Cord:

  • Controls body movements; reflex actions independent from the brain (e.g., knee-jerk reflex).

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 2)

• Brainstem: Interfaces with the spinal cord; controls sensory information and motor output.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 3)

• Medial View: Shows relationship of brainstem to hemispheres.

  • Structure Analogy: Resembles a fist for size comparison.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 4)

• Hindbrain: Evolutionarily ancient; comprises cerebellum and control centers for crucial life functions (breathing, movement).

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 5)

• Principal Hindbrain Structures: Integrate both voluntary and involuntary movements.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 6)

• Midbrain: Essential for orienting movements and responses to stimuli.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 7)

• Diencephalon: Integrates sensory and motor data; contains thalamus and hypothalamus.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 8)

• Major Thalamic Functions: Information processing for sensory systems.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 9)

• Hypothalamus/Pituitary: Coordinates many physiological processes and behaviors.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 10)

• Forebrain Structures: Integrate higher cognitive processes like memory, language, and emotions.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 11)

• Cerebral Cortex: Contains allocortex and neocortex, supports complex thought processes.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 12)

• Allocortex: Composed of three- and four-layer structures, linked to emotional and memory functions.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 13)

• Neocortex: Differing cell density by layer, correlating to functional specialization

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 14)

• Cortical Layer Specialization: Differences between sensory and motor cortex structures.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 15)

• Neocortex and Hemispheres: Symmetrical structure; differences in functional consequences of damage.

The Central Nervous System: Mediating Behavior (Part 16)

• Basal Ganglia: Located beneath neocortex, controls voluntary movements and implicated in disorders.

Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information (Part 1)

• SNS: Controlled by CNS; involves cranial and spinal nerves.

Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information (Part 2)

• Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs managing sensory and motor functions.

Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information (Part 3)

• Spinal Nerves: Segments relate to body regions, managing coordinated movements.

Somatic Nervous System: Transmitting Information (Part 4)

• ** fibers**: Dorsal fibers for sensory input; ventral fibers for motor functions.

Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations (Part 1)

• ANS: Regulates internal functions through sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

  • Sympathetic: Activates fight-or-flight response.

  • Parasympathetic: Reverses sympathetic actions.

Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations (Part 2)

• Enteric Nervous System: Controls gut functions through extensive neuronal network.

Autonomic and Enteric Nervous Systems: Visceral Relations (Part 3)

• Gut Microbiome: Influences health and behavior via interactions with the ENS and CNS.

Ten Principles of Nervous System Function (Part 1)

• Functional Basis: The nervous system adds to perceptual and motor experience.

• Neuroplasticity: Fundamental principle aiding adaptation and function.

Ten Principles of Nervous System Function (Part 2)

• Hierarchy and Parallelism: Multiple pathways exist to streamline processing, yet maintain a unified experience.

• Functional Localization: Allows effective processing while accounting for distributed functions.

Ten Principles of Nervous System Function (Part 3)

• Excitation vs. Inhibition: Balancing neural activity underscores nervous system operation.