spanish week 9 part 1

Chapter 1: Introduction

• Clicker Training Basics

  • Use of a clicker to mark desired behaviors in animals.

  • Clicker provides immediate feedback associated with positive reinforcement (food).

  • Timing is crucial for the animal to connect the click sound with the behavior performed.

  • Ideal for quick or fleeting behaviors, keeping the animal engaged and attentive.

• Training Exercises

  • After conditioning the clicker, the trainer instructs the animal (e.g., dog) to perform specific behaviors (like sitting).

  • The click occurs immediately followed by a treat, reinforcing that specific behavior.

  • Voice can be used as an alternative to the clicker. The word "good" can replace the click sound in human training.

  • Trainers must choose simple behaviors for the trainee to ensure success in the short time frame.

• Shaping Behavior

  • Trainers gradually refine the behavior they wish to encourage from the trainee.

  • Encourages creativity and experimentation to elicit the desired response.

  • The trainee should focus on actions likely to be performed naturally.

Chapter 2: Fixed Partial Reinforcement Schedule

• Reinforcement Overview

  • Reinforcement can be either continuous (every time the behavior occurs) or partial (some of the time).

  • Partial reinforcement tends to create longer-lasting behavior patterns in animals.

• Types of Partial Reinforcement

  • Fixed Partial Reinforcement: Set number of responses or fixed time between reinforcements.

  • Variable Schedule: The number of responses or time intervals vary, making it unpredictable.

• Schedules

  • Fixed ratio and variable ratio based on the frequency of behavior (e.g., every three times or varying between performances)

  • Fixed interval and variable interval based on time (e.g., every three seconds or varying time intervals).

• Learning Rate

  • Understanding reinforcement schedules can help clarify why certain behaviors might be harder to shape or extinguish over time.

Chapter 3: Use of Language

• Cognitive Revolution

  • The shift in psychology toward understanding unseen cognitive processes after behaviorism.

• Cognition Defined

  • Includes all mental activities associated with thinking, including perception, memory, and language.

• Concepts

  • Concepts are mental groupings of similar objects or ideas.

  • Prototypes serve as ideal representations of these concepts, influencing how we categorize new items.

Chapter 4: Hard Event Schema

• Schemas Defined

  • Mental constructs representing related concepts, guiding expectations of behavior in specific contexts (e.g., roles, events).

• Event Schema

  • Predictable patterns of behavior associated with recurring events (e.g., entering an elevator).

  • Cultural variations in event schemas can influence behavior and social norms.

• Automatic Behaviors

  • Event schemas can lead to automatic responses that are difficult to break, such as texting while driving.

Chapter 5: Use of Language

• Language vs. Communication

  • Language is defined as a structured system with rules, distinct from mere animal communication (e.g., barking, chirping).

• Components of Language

  • Lexicon: the vocabulary of a language.

  • Grammar: rules governing the structure and meaning of sentences.

  • Phonemes: basic sound units in a language.

• Noam Chomsky's Theory

  • Language acquisition is biologically determined; humans are predisposed to learn language naturally.

• Critical Period for Language Acquisition

  • Critical timeframe during which language must be acquired for full development (e.g., cases of extreme neglect like Genie).

Chapter 6: Conclusion

• Chapter Summary

  • Recap of core concepts discussed, particularly on language acquisition and its importance in understanding human cognition.

  • Discussion of Genie's case as a pivotal example of the critical period and challenges in language acquisition due to environmental factors.

• psych week 9 part 1

  Continuous Reinforcement- when an organism receivesa a reinforcer each time it desplays a behavior (quickest, but timing is important)

  partial reinforcement- organism does not get reinforced every time (reinforced intermittently, with learning slower, but durable)

  COGNITION

  INCLUDES: PERCEPTION, KNOWLEDGE, COMMUNICATION, PROBLEM SOLVING, JUDGEMENT, LANGUAGE, AND MEMORY

  it deals with brain organization

  prototypes- main generic example of something (golden retriever is protoype for dogs

  can be complex and abstract (justice) or concrete (types of birds)

  concept- mental grouping of many similar objects events or ideas

  schemata

  schema- mental construct consisting of related concepts

  active schema can cause assumptions toward a person, place, thing, or situation

  role schema- related to how individuals in certain roles might behavee

  event schema- a schema related to an event ; a routine or set behaviors (like riding in an elevator facing the door), but can vary between cultures and make breaking habits hard

  language

  language is a communcation system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit info from one individual to another

  components of language: LEXICON (WORDS GIVNE LANGUAGE), GRAMMAR (SET OF RULES THAT ARE USED TO CONVEY MEANING THROUGH USE OF LEXICON), PHONEME (BASIC SOUND UNIT ) WITH SEMANTICS (MEANING FROM WORDS) AND SYNTAX (ORGANIZATION OF WORDS FOR SENTENCES

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