whap unit 5

Types of -Isms

• Utilitarianism - Maximizing the amount of “good” for the maximum amount of people

  • Didn’t want to replace capitalism but address the growing problems with it (Mill philosophy of allowing labor unions, limiting child labor, and ensuring safe working conditions)

• Capitalism - An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and operated for profit

• Deism - Divinity set natural laws where divine watchmakers who do not interfere day-to-day

• Medieval Scholasticism - Used reason to defend faith, little experimentation

• Renaissance Humanism - Emphasized human achievement and focused on individualism/secularism

• Scientific revolution/evolution - Natural rights, progress, and reason

• Conservatism - Belief in tradition institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories

• Socialism - A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production

  • Utopian socialists - Society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities

• Classical liberalism - A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, leave-alone economics, reduced spending on armies and established churches

  • Reflect changing population patterns so new industrial cities could get equal representation in parliament

• Zionism - The desire of Jews to reestablished an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the middle east

• Semitism - Hostility toward Jews and pogroms (Violent attacks against Jewish communities)

• Liberalism - A desire for representation under constitutions that recognized civil liberties

• Ottomanism - A movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state

• Major Thinkers of The Enlightenment - A movement that involved a shift from traditional thinking to reason

• John Locke - Social contract (Giving up some rights to a strong central government in return for law and order

  • Citizens have the right to revolt against unjust government

  • Emphasis on tabula rasa (blank slate) and the impacts of environment/education on shaping people

• Montesquieu - Checks of power and separation of government

• Voltaire - Advocacy for civil liberties & constitutional monarchy

  • Religious liberty and judicial reform that later impacted the U.S. constitution

• Jean-Jacques - Studied Locke’s ideas and expanded on the idea of the General Will of the population alongside a sovereign government’s obligation to carry it out

• Adam Smith - Economist that disagreed with mercantilism, calling for freer trade (Laissez-faire AKA leave alone)

  • Government should reduce interventions in economic decisions

• Paine - Anti-Church

• Utopian socialists

  • Saint-Simon - Operate clean, beautiful places to work efficiently

  • Fourier - passions that made working more enjoyable

  • Owen - Small societies governed by utopian socialists

• Fabian Society - Favored reforming society by parliamentary means

• Mary Wollstonecraft - Argued that females should receive the same education as men through application of reasoning

• Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen

• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Started the Seneca Falls Convention, an important landmark in the history of Women’s Rights Movement

  • Demanded that women deserved the right to vote and hold office, hold property, and manage their own incomes, and be the legal guardians of their children

• Lola Rodriguez de Tio - Female poet who critiqued Spain’s exploitive rule over Puerto Rico. Later got exiled but remained a campaigner for social justice

• Dreyfus Affair - Jewish Military officer who was falsely accused of treason, showed how widespread anti-semitism was

Life during the industrial revolution

• Poor people lived in industrial city slums

FRANCE

Didn’t have enough capital to rapidly industrialize due to funding of wars, and underpopulated urban centers limited the amount of labor available for factories

French Revolution

France Revolution - Liberty, equality, fraternity

• Led by the ideas of enlightenment for man’s natural rights and that legal restraints were constraining the people’s freedoms

• Faced economic issues after funding multiple wars.

• French Government didn’t equally represent voting commoners, so they broke away and formed the National Assembly

• On July 14 (French Independence Day) - Crowd stormed the Bastille, a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy. Peasants stood up against nobles, and the government made the National Assembly in charge

• Abolition of Feudalism

• Declaration of the Rights of Man - A statement declaring basic human rights

• Reign of Terror - A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution

Haitian Revolution

• Led by the ideas of enlightenment for man’s natural rights and that legal restraints were constraining the people’s freedoms BUT the rebels had no rights at all compared to the French people

• revolution began when enslaved Africans began killing their masters, who were soon joined by Maroons (Africans who were already freed)

• Toussaint L’Ouverture - A capable general. His army of slaves and maroons established an independent government

  • Declared himself governor for life and produced a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents.

• Haiti = First country in Latin America to win independence and the first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere + first country to win permanent independence as a result of slave uprising

Creole Revolution - Most revolutions in Latin America were due to people wanting independence from Spanish colonization

• Peninsulares (People born in Spain or Portugal) > Creoles (Well-educated with European ancestry) > Mestizos (Born of European and Indian parents) > Mulattoes (Indigenous ancestry)

• Creoles - Opposed Spain mercantilism and wanted more political power/share of wealth within the colonies, later desired independence

• Simon Bolivar - Access to wealth, believed in free market and abolitionism

  • Manuela Saenz - Actively fought alongside Bolivar, “Liberator of the Liberator”

• Caudillos - Strong, local leaders with regional power bases who disregarded representative forms of government and the rule of law

• Legally ended slavery, but women gained little from the revolution

Philippines Revolution

• Limited and controlled by religious authorities

• The Propaganda Movement - Magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy from Spain

  • Started by Jose Rizal when studying in Madrid and Barcelona which led to further enlightenment ideals

• Jose Rizal - Activist whose execution spurred the first Nationalist movement in Philippines, gave rise to the people in order to organize and challenge Spanish Rule (Led to the Philippine Revolution)

Italian Unification

• Count Di Cavour - United the entire Italian peninsula

• Realpolitik - Practical politics of reality

German Unification

Political fragmentation delayed industrialization

United States

• Human capital - Migrants from rural areas provided work in factories

Russia

Trans-Siberian Railroad connected commercial and industrial areas. The railroad system allowed Russia to trade easily with East Asian countries.

Ottoman Empire

• Rapid decline due to ethnic nationalism in a diverse population, causing unrest and corruption and ultimately leading to the weakening of central authority and the loss of territories. Attempts to unite the state INTENSIFIED feelings of difference and promoted desire for independence

• Officials tried to minimize ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences through Ottomanism

Japan

• Fast paced industrialization while remaining isolated and refusing westernization to protect traditional and domestic culture

• Isolation led outside powers to confront Japan about trade. Pressure for the west forced reformers to argue that Japan should adopt certain western technologies in order to maintain their original culture. They overthrew the shogun and restored power to the emperor, in an event known as the Meiji Restoration.

• Stimulated rapid economic growth through high agricultural taxes as well as taxing the population through government.

• Foreign private investments = Modernization

Industrialization

Agricultural Revolution - Advances in agriculture led to increased productivity

• Crop rotation - Rotating crops in a field within a year to maximize yields

• Seed drill - A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot

Demographic changes from the Agricultural Revolution - Improved medical care, infant morality rates led to more people to work in factories

• Desire for capital led to intensified industrialization and the increase of resources needed. Industrialized countries sought to protect resources and markets by creating colonies

Second Industrial revolution - Advances in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics (specialization)

• Oil - Vast new resource of energy.

  • Techniques to use oil led to developments such as precision machinery and internal combustion engine (Resulted in the creation of automobiles and airplanes)

• Electricity - Allowed for street lights and trains

• Communications - Telegraph led to global communications

Important Inventions (Led to global communications)

• Steam Engine - Harnessing coal power to create steam, which generated energy for machinery

  • Water transportation benefited. Led to the invention of steamships, which quickly replaced sailboats due to efficiency and control. Coaling stations used on trade routes to refuel steamships.

• Coal = Mass production of iron

• Telephone/Telegraph - Alexander Graham Bell patented. Made with the development of electricity and electronics

  • Made exploration, development, and immediate communication

• Transcontinental Railroad - Subsidized by public funds, allowed for efficient transportation of natural resources.

• Spinning Jenny - Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time, leading to increased efficiency

• Water frame - Used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel

• Interchangeable parts - Used for manufacturing items

• Division/Specialization of labor - Everyone focuses on one task at a time

  • Assembly Line - a concept of division of labor used to manufacture cars

Britain - Subsistence culture

• Developed cottage industry - merchants who provided material to women working in their own homes, slow production

• Industrialization led to urban areas such as Liverpool and Manchester

Industrial Advantages

• Seaways/abundant rivers used to transport raw materials and finished products

• Mineral resources - Coal deposits used to make iron and steel, helping facilitate the infrastructures

• Resources from colonies - Excess capital from slave trade and American colonies allowed for more investments in industrialization

• Growing population and urbanization

• Enclosure movement - The government fenced off commons to give exclusive use to it for people who paid for the privilege or purchased the land

Corporations - A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders (People who buy partial ownership from the company when it was formed or later through the stock market)

Corporations led to consumerism and leisure activities as people began making more money and having more downtime.

• Attractive to investors because they would gain profit but didn’t lose anything when things went bad (Limited Liability)

• Corporations can be sued, make contracts, and hold property

• Monopoly - Complete control of a specific business and elimination of all competitions