Chapter 24:Alcohols and Carboxylic acids
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
Alcohols are a homologous series of compounds that have the general formula CnH2n+1OH
They differ by one -CH2 in the molecular formulae
Ethanol : C2H6OH
Methanol CH3OH
Propanol C3H7OH
Butanol C4H9OH
There are two methods used to manufacture ethanol:
1.The hydration of ethene with steam
Ethene is bubbled through a phosphoric acid catalyst under pressure and at a temperature of 300°C.
Ethene + steam ➡️ethanol
2.The fermentation of glucose
Conversion of glucose /sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of enzymes in yeast at 20°C
Glucose ➡️ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Cosmetics
solvents
achoholic drinks
compounds that all contain the same functional group: –COOH
They have the general formula: CnH2n+1COOH
They are colourless liquids
They react with alkaline solutions, turn blue litmus red and form salts called ethanoates
They have the general formula: CnH2n+1COOH
Two methods used to make carboxylic acids are:
1.Oxidation by fermentation
2.Using oxidising agents
Alcohols and carboxylic acids react to make esters in esterification reactions
Esters are compounds with the functional group R-COO-R
Esters are sweet-smelling oily liquids used in food flavourings and perfumes
Ethanoic acid will react with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) to form ethyl ethanoate
The first part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the alcohol
it ends with the letters ‘- yl’
The second part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid
and it ends with the letters ‘- oate’
Polymers are large molecules built by linking 50 or more smaller molecules called monomers
Synthetic polymers are ones made in a factory, for example nylon.
Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group
Alcohols are a homologous series of compounds that have the general formula CnH2n+1OH
They differ by one -CH2 in the molecular formulae
Ethanol : C2H6OH
Methanol CH3OH
Propanol C3H7OH
Butanol C4H9OH
There are two methods used to manufacture ethanol:
1.The hydration of ethene with steam
Ethene is bubbled through a phosphoric acid catalyst under pressure and at a temperature of 300°C.
Ethene + steam ➡️ethanol
2.The fermentation of glucose
Conversion of glucose /sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide by the action of enzymes in yeast at 20°C
Glucose ➡️ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Cosmetics
solvents
achoholic drinks
compounds that all contain the same functional group: –COOH
They have the general formula: CnH2n+1COOH
They are colourless liquids
They react with alkaline solutions, turn blue litmus red and form salts called ethanoates
They have the general formula: CnH2n+1COOH
Two methods used to make carboxylic acids are:
1.Oxidation by fermentation
2.Using oxidising agents
Alcohols and carboxylic acids react to make esters in esterification reactions
Esters are compounds with the functional group R-COO-R
Esters are sweet-smelling oily liquids used in food flavourings and perfumes
Ethanoic acid will react with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) to form ethyl ethanoate
The first part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the alcohol
it ends with the letters ‘- yl’
The second part of the name indicates the length of the carbon chain in the carboxylic acid
and it ends with the letters ‘- oate’
Polymers are large molecules built by linking 50 or more smaller molecules called monomers
Synthetic polymers are ones made in a factory, for example nylon.
