Untitled Flashcards Set

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Definition of History

• History: The study of the past.

• Origin: From the Greek word Historia, meaning “knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.”

• Nature:

  • An account of past events based on written documents and historical evidence.

  • Includes everything that happened in the past and the study of it as a field of research.

Key Aspects of History

• Theocratic History: Focuses on deities and mythical heroes.

• History as Inquiry: A branch of social sciences that seeks to answer historical questions.

Purpose of Studying History

• Helps understand past events in context.

• Offers multiple perspectives on present-day issues.

• Shows past options for better decision-making today.

Key Concepts in History

1. Historicism – History should be studied for its own sake, without external agendas.

2. Historiography – The study of how history is recorded and interpreted.

3. Positivism – Real knowledge comes from observable facts (basis of the scientific method).

4. History as Questions and Issues – Encourages critical thinking about different historical interpretations.

Historians and Their Role

• Historian: Someone who interprets past events through evidence.

• Difference from a student:

  • A student learns from books and teachers.

  • A historian produces historical knowledge through inquiry and research.

• Tasks of Historians:

  • Convert sources into historical knowledge.

  • Determine what is considered historical.

  • Interpret and analyze historical facts.

What is a Historical Fact?

• Determined by historians through research and evidence.

• Historians decide which events become part of history.

• Present-day issues often lead to historical questions.

Sources of History

1. Primary Sources – Created during the time of the event.

   • Examples: Malolos Convention minutes, newspaper clippings, photographs.

2. Secondary Sources – Created after the event using primary sources.

Historical Source Criticism

• External Criticism: Verifies authenticity (physical characteristics, historical consistency).

• Internal Criticism: Analyzes content (message, context, reliability).

Philippine Historiography

• Kasaysayan: Derived from saysay (sense/significance); oral traditions (epics, songs, rituals).

• Spanish Period:

  • Historia replaced native narratives.

  • Bipartite View: Philippine history divided into Darkness and Light.

• Ilustrados and Katipunan:

  • Developed Tripartite View (Revolution as a key to a better future).

• American Period:

  • Shifted historical writing from Spanish to English.

• Philippine Nationalist Historiography:

  • 20th-century research emphasized Filipino perspectives in history.

Magellan's Expedition (1519–1522)

Key Figures

• Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese explorer under Spain.

• Antonio Pigafetta – Magellan’s assistant, documented the expedition (The First Voyage Around the World).

• Datu Lapu-Lapu – Defended Mactan, killed Magellan.

Magellan’s Fleet (5 Ships)

• Trinidad (Flagship, captained by Magellan)

• San Antonio (Deserted, returned to Spain)

• Concepción (Burned by crew)

• Victoria (Only ship to complete the journey)

• Santiago (Wrecked)

Timeline of the First Circumnavigation

1518

• Portugal dominates Spice Islands trade.

• Magellan proposes a westward route.

• King Charles I of Spain funds the expedition.

1519

• September 20 – Fleet of 5 ships, 270 crew set sail from Spain.

• Late 1519 – Early 1520 – Crosses the Atlantic, reaches Brazil.

1520

• Winter – Stops at Puerto San Julian (Argentina); mutiny occurs.

• August – Leaves Puerto San Julian; Santiago wrecked.

• October – San Antonio deserts, sails back to Spain.

• November – Magellan discovers the Strait of Magellan.

1521

• March – Reaches Guam (Mariana Islands).

• March – Arrives in the Philippines; alliance with Cebu’s ruler.

• April 27 – Battle of Mactan:

  • Magellan, with 60 men, aids Rajah Humabon.

  • Lapu-Lapu defeats and kills Magellan.

• May – Cebuans ambush Spaniards, killing 30; survivors flee.

• Late 1521 – Visits Brunei, reaches Spice Islands (Maluku, Indonesia).

1522

• Early 1522 – Trades for cloves; Trinidad springs a leak, later captured by the Portuguese.

• September 8 – Victoria returns to Spain; only 18 of 270 crew survive.

Impact of Magellan's Expedition

• First circumnavigation of the world.

• Proved Earth’s true size and shape.

• Inspired future global exploration.

• Not repeated until 1580 (Francis Drake, England).

Significance of the Battle of Mactan

• Demonstrated native resistance to colonization.

• Established Lapu-Lapu as the first Filipino hero.

• Delayed Spanish colonization efforts in the Philippines.

This structured format makes it easier to study key historical concepts, events, and figures! 😊