ARA101_The_Hispano_-_Arabic_Literature_and_folk_tales

Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) and Popular Culture

Overview of al-Andalus

• al-Andalus refers to the territories of Spain and Portugal under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492.

• The cultural influence of Islam is fundamental to the history of Spain.

• Key historical events include:

  • 711: Tariq ibn Ziyad leads raids into Spain from North Africa.

  • 756: Abd ar-Rahman I escapes Abbasid rule and establishes an emirate in Cordoba.

  • 755 CE: Abd ar-Rahman I proclaims himself Emir of Córdoba.

The Hispano-Arabic Literature & Folkloric Tradition

1. Historical Background and Patrons of the Arts

   • The period is marked by significant contributions to literature and the arts fueled by artistic patrons at the Umayyad court.

2. Belle Lettres

   • Refers to artistic prose literature.

   • Prominent figures:

     • Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi (860–940): Known for "al-‘Iqd al-Farid (The Unique Necklace)" as a major anthology.

     • Ibn Hazm (d. 1064): Authored "Tawq al-Hamama (Dove’s Necklace)," a classic of medieval literature exploring love.

3. Poetry – Muwashahat and Zajal

   • Andalusian poetry, influenced by Eastern models, evolved its distinctive style in the 11th century.

   • The Muwashah reflects themes of love, often utilizing a complex structure.

   • The Zajal is a colloquial form of oral poetry, often performed in a semi-improvised format.

Key Historical Events in al-Andalus

• Muslim Spain transitioned through various phases of governance:

  • Emirate dependent on Damascus (711–756)

  • Independent Emirate (756-929)

  • Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031)

  • Taifas (1031-1091)

  • Almoravid rule (c.1091-1145)

  • Second Taifas (c.1145-1151)

  • Almohad rule (c.1151–1212)

  • Kingdom of Granada (1212–1492)

  • Reconquista (Christian re-conquest)

  • Spanish Inquisition

Belles Lettres: Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi

• Ibn ‘Abd Rabbihi:

  • Born in Cordova; official panegyrist at the Umayyad court.

  • Anthology "al-‘Iqd al-Farid" is divided into 25 sections, blending narrative style influenced by other scholars.

Belles Lettres: Ibn Hazm

• Ibn Hazm:

  • Tawq al-Hamama is groundbreaking in its exploration of love.

  • His writings are key to the understanding of psychological aspects of love in Arabic literature.

Poetry

• Andalusian Poetry:

  • Early Andalusian poets drew from Eastern styles leading to unique local expressions.

  • Influences merged with both Arab and European literature, shaping future poetic forms in medieval Europe.

Muwashahat

• Muwashahat:

  • Written in Classical Arabic, focusing on themes of love and courtly life.

  • Structured with five strophes; kharja often in vernacular Arabic.

Zajal

• Zajal:

  • Traditional oral poetry originating from pre-Islamic Arabia.

  • Typically performed in lively settings, integrating debate and improvisation.

Zajal and Its Poets

• Ibn Quzman (1078 - 1160):

  • Renowned for his zajals, utilizing colloquial language and unique rhyme schemes.

Muwashah and Zajal

• al-Andalus is credited for recognizing both muwashah and zajal as significant poetic forms.

The Folkloric Tradition

• Arabic Folk Epics:

  • Themes of adventure and romance remain prevalent throughout oral traditions.

  • Epics continue to be performed in contemporary cultures of the Arabic world.

Famous Folk Epics

1. The Epic of ‘Antara: A major work exploring themes of love and courage.

2. Hilali Epic: Two major renditions showcasing historical narratives.

3. Princess Dhat al-Himma: Focus on female warrior archetypes.

4. Epic of al-Dhahir Baibars: Celebrating heroic life of a renowned leader.

Example: ‘Antara

• ‘Antara:

  • Notable for his dramatic love story and exploits that led to his freedom and subsequently his marriage.

Philosophical Novel

• Ibn Ṭufayl's "Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān" explores the intersection of reason and revelation through enchanting narrative rooted in folk traditions.