Anam

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move to circulate cerebrospinal  

Fluid? 

Astrocytes 

Oligodendrocytes 

ependymal cells 

Schwann cells 

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. 

resting period 

depolarization 

absolute refractory period 

Repolarization 

Which of the following neurotransmitters is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal  

cord? 

serotonin 

acetylcholine 

glycine 

Endorphin 

Schwann cells are functionally like  

________. 

microglia 

astrocytes 

ependymal cells 

Oligodendrocytes 

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)  

________. 

efferent neuron 

glial cell 

afferent neuron 

Interneuron 

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action  

potentials? 

leakage channel 

ligand-gated channel 

voltage-gated channel 

mechanically gated channel 

Saltatory conduction is made possible by  

________. 

large nerve fibers 

diphasic impulses 

erratic transmission of nerve impulses 

the myelin sheath 

Some axons of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this  

regulation? 

satellite cells 

astrocytes 

Schwann cells 

oligodendrocytes 

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for  

this? 

Schwann cells 

satellite cells 

astrocytes 

oligodendrocytes 

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with  

________. 

hyperpolarization 

opening of voltage-regulated channels 

lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur 

a change in sodium ion permeability 

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve, sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous  

system? 

sensory (afferent) division 

somatic nervous system 

sympathetic division 

parasympathetic division 

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a  

stimulus? 

type of stimulus receptor 

origin of the stimulus 

size of action potentials 

frequency of action potentials 

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic  

potential? 

short distance depolarization 

moves membrane potential away from threshold 

opens K⁺ or Cl^- channels 

short distance hyperpolarization 

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the  

infection? 

oligodendrocytes 

satellite cells 

Schwann cells 

microglia 

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic  

cell? 

Chemically gated sodium channels will open. 

Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. 

Chemically gated chloride channels will open. 

Chemically gated potassium channels will open. 

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until  

________. 

proteins have been resynthesized 

the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell 

all sodium gates are closed 

the membrane potential has been reestablished 

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will  

open? 

voltage-gated calcium channels 

voltage-gated potassium channels 

chemically gated chloride channels 

voltage-gated sodium channels 

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the postsynaptic  

cell? 

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane 

opening of chemically gated sodium channels 

influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell 

depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane 

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of  

neurons? 

They conduct impulses. 

They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. 

They have extreme longevity. 

They are mitotic. 

Action potentials leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The axon sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous  

system? 

sympathetic division 

somatic nervous system 

sensory (afferent) division 

parasympathetic division 

Select the correct statement regarding chemical  

synapses. 

Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. 

The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic cell. 

Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. 

The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. 

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n)  

________. 

action potential 

postsynaptic potential 

excitatory potential 

generator potential 

What is the primary function of wave  

summation? 

increase muscle tension 

prevent muscle fatigue 

prevent muscle relaxation 

produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction 

Which of the following statements is  

true? 

Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei. 

Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei. 

Smooth muscle cells have T tubules. 

Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vesse 

What is the functional role of the T  

tubules? 

stabilize the G and F actin 

synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction 

hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle 

enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction 

An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is  

________. 

the citric acid cycle 

the electron transport chain 

glycolysis 

hydrolysis 

Most skeletal muscles contain  

________. 

a predominance of slow oxidative fibers 

a mixture of fiber types 

muscle fibers of the same type 

a predominance of fast oxidative fibers 

What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium  

storage? 

sarcoplasmic reticulum 

myofibrillar network 

mitochondria 

intermediate filament network 

Which of the following describes the cells of unitary smooth  

muscle? 

They exhibit spontaneous action potentials. 

They are used for vision and hair raising. 

They consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other. 

They depend upon recruitment using the autonomic nervous system. 

During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to  

________. 

lactic acid 

a strong base 

stearic acid 

hydrochloric acid 

When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following  

periods? 

refractory period 

relaxation period 

fatigue period 

latent period 

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active  

sites? 

Z discs 

actin filaments 

myosin filaments 

thick filaments 

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are  

________. 

myofibrils 

T tubules 

mitochondria 

microtubules 

What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal  

muscles? 

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules. 

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules. 

Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads. 

Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter. 

Which of the following statements best illustrates the fact that skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle? 

The shivering reflex aids in maintaining body temperature. 

Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons. 

Skeletal muscle appears striated due to the structure of the sarcomeres. 

Skeletal muscle is wrapped in several layers of connective tissue. The deepest layer being the endomysium. 

Which of the following surrounds an individual muscle  

cell? 

endomysium 

epimysium 

perimysium 

Fascicle 

When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments you would expect to see  

________. 

the H zone to appear wider 

the A band to appear darker 

the I bands to appear wider 

the I bands to appear smaller 

Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by  

________. 

storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP 

forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin 

inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments 

forming a chemical compound with actin 

During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result in  

________. 

multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters 

interlocking of cells that can prevent the filaments from sliding 

the coordination of nerve signals to muscle fibers 

the striations that appear in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues 

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle  

________. 

changes in length and moves the "load" 

rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP 

does not change in length but increases tension 

never converts pyruvate to lactate 

The sliding filament model of contraction involves  

________. 

actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping 

actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other 

the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past 

the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments