AP PSYCH 5.7 Introduction to Thinking and Problem Solving

Thinking

  • Trying to define thinking is incredibly hard
  • There are two simple ways to look at thinking
    • Looking at structures of thinking, like Wilhelm Wundt did, or how MRIs do
    • We can also look at the functions of thinking, like William James, or what fMRIs do

Structures

  • A concept is a cluster of raw cognitive material
    • Very difficult to have a concept on its own
    • You will either forget it or it will join with something else and no longer be independent
    • Our mind tried to organize concepts so that we don’t have untethered pieces of material stored
  • A prototype is a great abstract example
    • Not the perfect, catch-all example, but a really good one
    • When instructed to think of a dog, disregarding any specific dogs that come to mind, you probably think of a middle size dog
    • Not the biggest, not the smallest, but something that encapsulates the average dog size
  • An exemplar is the best example you have from experience, but experience can be limited
    • This would be the specific dog that you may have thought of initially
  • An artificial concept is the absolute perfect example of itself
    • We rarely think perfect thoughts
    • This does, however, exist; in geometry, a circle is a circle, and it cannot be anything else or any other shape without no longer being a circle

Functions

  • We’ll focus on problem solving

Informal Reasoning

  • Informal reasoning is like thinking fast, taking short cuts to reach a solution
  • Heuristics are short cuts, often based on experience, usually work but not always, fast and efficient
  • Top-down processing involves already having an idea of a situation before having the details
    • This can influence how you perceive new information
  • A schema is a set of ideas or concepts that help us solve problems
  • Mental sets are similar to schema; they are ways of thinking that have worked before
  • Mental models are a way of thinking about how thinks interact
    • Bricks shatter glass, we know that’s how the two objects will interact

Formal Reasoning

  • Formal reasoning is thinking slow, where we don’t use shortcuts, but we can be much more certain
  • An algorithm is a step-by-step process that is guaranteed to work
  • Bottom-up processing is gathering as many data pieces as possible before coming to a conclusion
  • Syllogism is just using logic
    • Analyzing the situation, seeing relationships, and finding a solution
  • Diagnosis is eliminating wrong answers until the right one is left
  • Artificial intelligence is similar to algorithms
    • Computers use many step-by-step processes to expand into complex functions like facial recognition, self-driving, text prediction, etc.

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