In-Depth Notes on Maternal–Fetal Effects of BPA Exposure

Abstract

• Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely produced plasticizer affecting pregnant women and fetuses.
• Legislation fails to consider the vulnerability during pregnancy.
• This review highlights EPA consequences from maternal and fetal exposure.

Keywords

• BPA, endocrine disruptor, maternal effects, prenatal exposure, fetal effects.

1. Introduction

• Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs) interfere with hormonal functions and can adversely affect health.
• BPA is a prominent EDC due to its impact on maternal-fetal health through various exposure routes such as food, air, and skin.

2. Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)

• BPA production is about 3.8 million tons annually and is a key component in plastics and resins.
• Maternal-to-fetal transfer of BPA can significantly impact fetal development and health outcomes.
• Exposure is frequent through food and drink containers, baby bottles, and even breathing.

3. Endocrine Disruptors in Fetal Development

• EDCs may disrupt growth, development, and reproduction.
• Susceptibility increases in pregnant women due to physiological changes affecting hormone levels.

4. Characterization of BPA

• BPA (C15H16O2, IUPAC: 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) has strong estrogenic properties affecting hormone receptor signaling.
• Its half-life is around 6 hours, but due to constant exposure, it accumulates in body tissues.

5. Maternal–Fetal Effects of BPA

5.1. Foetal Immune Outcomes

• BPA affects cytokine responses and is associated with allergies/asthma in children.
• Some studies found inverse relationships between maternal BPA levels and childhood allergies.

5.2. Foetal Neurodevelopment

• BPA exposure is linked to conditions like ADHD and autism via hormonal disruptions in fetal brain development.
• Studies indicate sex-specific responses to BPA exposure, impacting cognitive and emotional development.

5.3. Foetal Reproductive Function

• BPA exposure results in altered reproductive development like hypospadias in boys.
• Studies report variations in the anogenital distance (AGD) in boys and girls indicating hormonal disruptions.

5.4. Foetal Birth Parameters

• Maternal BPA exposure relates to increased risks of preterm birth, reduced birth weight, and compromised fetal growth.
• Studies report mixed outcomes regarding BPA's effects, necessitating further research.

5.5. Maternal Cardio-Metabolic Outcomes

• BPA exposure may be related to increased risks of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia, affecting maternal health.
• Substantial evidence links early pregnancy BPA levels with the risk of developing cardiovascular issues.

6. Conclusions

• Maternal and fetal exposure to BPA is correlated with serious health impacts, encompassing immune, neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and birth outcomes.
• Calls for stricter regulations and bans on BPA use during pregnancy to protect vulnerable populations.

Recommendations

• Limit exposure to BPA, scrutinize substitutes, and promote safe alternatives for food storage and medical devices.