review

Neruons are the ciruts that underline addiction

addiction is pathology in the brain

read chapter readings fillbey

neurons send info- make sure you know how

modles of addiction

Behaviroal psych

• operant: movements are reinforced thro rewards (food)

• Classical: Stimuli that occur together build learned associations

• Habituations: over repeated experance responses are reduced (as something happens over and over we care about it less) (why people keep uping dose)

• sensitization: an increased response can be elicited given the right stimulus (if given a shock we get back to hightened response) (matters because addiction relies on stimuli assocated with drug) (for example changing location will increase reposnse to drugs)

Tolerant

withdrawl

critrea DSM

• Indidual

Brain disease model

• Ventral Tegmental Area- dopamine encodes rewards

• Nucleus accumbens- recives dopamine, determines hedonic please and intergrates it into movment plans

Why does it matter how we define addiction

• social theory

• gentic basis

• Blah

• Blah

Alloostatic model

• brain is trying to maintain basline level of arrousal

• oppenent processes- hedonic pleasure vs neg withdrawls (crash after caffine)

• Neg effect gets senstized over time

Impaired response inhibition and salience

• regulatory stuff is at odds with emotional drives, but in a normal brain the normal regulatry drives influcances behaviors more than emotions

• as addiction takes over emotional dives start to take over

• as it moves to true addiction sets in those normals really discrease and effect normal function

cue elicited craving model

• cues to drugs lead to neural responses that are simliar to what would be seem from the drug itself

• the brain is often seeking predective stimuli- if stimuli are highly predective of s very rewarding things (drugs) then the resposne will be enhances

• condition associations lead to emotional, motivational and movment planning proportanate to the value (reward) of the assocated stumli

• things we do before drug use gets programed as a dompamine cue and will possible cause cravings (putting on shoes to go get drugs now everytime you put on shoes you get a small craving to get drugs, even if only 30% of the time you put on shoes to get drugs)

Types of channles

• These are types of openings that allow the inside and the outside of the cellto exchange stuff across the cell membraine

• ions- lets specific ions (NA+, Ca+2, Cl-, K+) flow across cell mem

• Gatted cahnnles need an ion or nerutransmiter to open them

DNA→ RNA → amino acids → functional proteins → vessicles → changes in cell

• may not be on test but know how DNA gets turned into changes into cell

Zinc fingers and epigentics

• How DNA can have certain areas blocked or turns into proteins more

• what the protein turns into depends on what part of the DNA gets transcribed

• some parts of gentic codes are deactiveated by these while other parts are emphased and get turned into proteins

• happens in nucleus

• can happen cause of stress, diet, drugs, and ect

where do these receptors enzymes and proteins come from

• DNA and one area gets copied into RNA and then gets turned into amino acids

• the amino acids get repackaged over and over again till the protiens are doing what they need to do in the body

Variety in protein assembly leads to variety of function

• Gabba receptor can be made of multiple differnt parts in differnt ways, depending on what protens get folded together will effect shape and what it does'

• basicly depending on what proteins are folded it changes the function of said amino acid

G- protein coupled receptors

• do lots of things

• change what genes get turned into proteins

Basic process of neural transmistion

• Chemical → elcetrical → chemical

• Cell 1 realeses nerotransmiter → cell 2 ligand gated ion channles are opened by the neurotranmiter, post synaptic potentials, action potentals, vessicles fusion, (slide 22 review) (VERY IMPORTANT!!!!!)

Steps of chemical messaging

1. reception- nerotransmiters being recived

2. intergation- ions join the cells and info gets encoded

3. electrical switch

4. signal prpagation

5. signal transduction into chem messengars

Dendrites

• integrate imputs from lots of othe neruons

• if. excitory (pos charges from ions that come in)

• if excitory enough that they push the cell past the threshold and cause action potential

• synaptic cleft

• ligengated ion channels,

Action potenional

• voltage gated channles are for action potential- not on dendrites tho

• its the same every time

• sodium ions go in & ions go outt, membrane potential changes as they flow in & flow out

Action potential

• membrane potential

• potasium

• repolarization

• hyperpolarazation is below normal

• sodium that comes in from depolarizatison spreads out within cell (food coloring and H2O)

Mylinzation

• stops flow of ions

• and gets turned into energy then back into ions

Synapse

• once the action potential reaches the synaptic button (bouton, terminal, synapse)

Action potential reach synapse

calicium is important

LTP

• glutamate channles are AMPA channles and NMDA channles

• 1st activation is AMPA, 2nd is both

• sporatic means that these channles feel and cause LDP