310101bA Shop Hand Tools

Page 1: Basic Tools Introduction

  • Title: Basic Tools

  • Part A: ILM 310101bA

  • Key Concept: Place for Everything & Everything in its Place

Page 2: Objectives of Basic Tools

  • Primary Goals:

    • Describe safe techniques for using various workshop hand tools.

    • Evaluate tool condition based on:

      • Workmanship

      • Attitude

      • Work efficiency judgment

Page 3: Hand Tools Maintenance

  • Three Cardinal Rules for Tool Maintenance:

    1. Keep tools clean.

    2. Keep tools lubricated if required.

    3. Replace tools when damaged or worn.

  • Additional Information:

    • Never modify or fabricate a tool.

    • Light oiling prevents rusting.

    • Always put tools away after use.

Page 4: Hammers Overview

  • Types of Hammers:

    • Claw: Hammering & pulling nails.

    • Peen: Stretching or forming metal (e.g., Ball Peen, Straight Peen, Cross Peen).

Page 5: Specialty Hammers

  • Types:

    • Dead Blow (filled with sand): Reduces recoil.

    • Soft-faced: Non-sparking, prevents scarring.

    • Options include: Rubber, Plastic, Lead, Copper, Brass.

Page 6: Heavy-Duty Hammers

  • Selection Criteria:

    • Size is determined by the weight of the hammer's head.

    • Types include Engineering, Blacksmith, Sledge, Ball Peen.

Page 7: Punches

  • Types of Punches:

    • Hole Punch: For making holes in gasket material.

    • Center & Prick Punches: Used for marking workpieces, with point angles of 30° to 60°, and a center punch with a 90° angle.

Page 8: Metal Stamps

  • Characteristics:

    1. Permanently marks workpieces.

    2. Available in letters, numbers, and single characters.

    3. Sizes range from 0.8mm (1/32”) to 25.4mm (1”).

    4. Shallow grooves indicate orientation.

    5. Important for aligning actuators and valves during rebuilding.

Page 9: Screwdrivers

  • Types:

    • Always use the correct size screwdriver.

    • Variants include:

      • Slotted

      • Cross Slot / Phillips

      • Pozidriv

      • Torx

      • Security T

      • Hexagon

Page 10: Robertson Screwdriver

  • Identification:

    • Size identified by color coding.

Page 11: Security Screws

  • Description:

    • Designed for installation but not easily removed (e.g., Clutch Screws).

Page 12: Adjustable Spanners

  • Alias: Crescent wrench, Tumb wrench, All 16th wrench.

  • Usage:

    • Overused; only for low torque, non-critical applications when a proper-sized wrench is unavailable.

Page 13: Combination Wrench Use

  • Operation:

    • It is safer to pull rather than push.

Page 14: Combination Wrenches

  • Sizes:

    • ½” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 7/8”

    • 3/8” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 11/16”

    • ¼” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 9/16”

  • Tip: Typically subtract 1/16” for fitting body size.

Page 15: Pliers

  • Types:

    • Pump Pliers: Grip in one direction (Channel Locks).

    • Others include: Linesman, Slip-joint, Crimpers.

Page 16: Pipe Wrenches

  • Notes:

    • Many companies no longer allow snipes.

    • Push to grip, pull to slip.

Page 17: Vises

  • Common Types:

    • Machinist Vise:

      • Flat jaws, fixed or swivel base.

      • Features: Removable jaws, pipe jaws, anvil-shaped back.

    • Utility Vise:

      • Use soft jaws for soft materials to prevent damage.

      • Never hit the handle with a hammer.

Page 18: Hacksaws

  • Overview:

    • One of the most widely used saws.

    • Blades chosen based on type of steel being cut.

Page 19: Hacksaw Blade Selection

  • Choosing a Blade:

    • Select the right pitch (# of teeth).

    • Ensure at least two teeth in contact with the cutting area.

Page 20: Hacksaw Techniques

  • Cutting:

    • Cuts are made on the push stroke.

    • Use the whole blade with longer strokes.

    • Approximately 50 strokes per minute = 1.2 seconds per stroke.

Page 21: Hacksaw Blade Width

  • Understanding Cuts:

    • Width determined by the set of the blade (tooth pattern).

Page 22: Hacksaw Types

  • Examples:

    • Milwaukee Hatchet, Sawzall, Powered Pipe Cutter.

  • Characteristics:

    • Hacksaws make a cold cut, preserving metal hardness.

Page 23: Files Introduction

  • Function:

    • Used in metalworking and woodworking to cut fine amounts of material.

  • Varieties:

    • Files come in various sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations.

Page 24: File Types

  • Cross-Section Types:

    1. Flat

    2. Hand

    3. Round

    4. Half-round

    5. Triangular (Three Square)

    6. Square

    7. Warding

    8. Knife edge

Page 25: File Cuts

  • Rough to Smooth:

    1. Rasp (8 TPI)

    2. Rough (20 TPI)

    3. Coarse (25 TPI)

    4. Bastard (30 TPI)

    5. Second Cut (40 TPI)

    6. Smooth (60 TPI)

    7. Dead Smooth

Page 26: Single-Cut Files

  • Description:

    • One set of parallel teeth.

    • Cross-cut or double-cut files have a second set forming diamond teeth.

Page 27: Heavy Rough Cutting Files

  • Types:

    1. Large coarse double-cut file.

  • Finishing Cuts:2. Second cut file.3. Smooth cut file.

Page 28: Filing Techniques

  • Cast Iron:

    • Start with a bastard cut, finish with a second cut.

  • Soft Metal:

    • Start with a second cut, finish with a smooth file.

  • Hard Steel:

    • Start with smooth cut, finish with dead smooth file.

Page 29: Filing Specific Metals

  • Brass & Bronze:

    • Start with a bastard file and finish with a second or smooth cut file.

  • Aluminum, Lead, Babbitt Metal:

    • Use a bastard cut curved-tooth file.

  • File Size Recommendations:

    • Small work: Short file

    • Medium work: 8-inch file

    • Large work: Use the most convenient size.

Page 30: Swiss-Pattern Files

  • Description:

    • Teeth cut at a shallower angle, graded by a number system (00 – 6, with 6 being the finest).

Page 31: Draw-Filing

  • Technique:

    • File grasped at both ends; even pressure with pulling and pushing motions.

    • File held perpendicular to motion direction.

Page 32: Advantages of Draw-Filing

  • Benefits:

    1. Steady angle for a fine surface finish.

    2. Use a single-cut mill bastard or long-angled lathe file.

    3. Shearing action minimizes scoring.

    4. Maintain balanced pressure during strokes.

Page 33: File Maintenance

  • Cleaning:

    • Clean files to prevent scratching.

    • Use a file card for better surface and to prevent clogging (pinning).

Page 34: Cold Chisels

  • Function:

    • Only cut metal softer than the chisel.

  • Categories:

    • Point shapes: Flat, Cape, Round Nose, Diamond Point.

Page 35: Cold Chisel Rules

  • Safety Guidelines:

    1. Always wear safety glasses.

    2. Avoid mushroomed heads (they can chip or cause glancing blows).

    3. Ensure chisel heads are free from oil & grease.

    4. Block work in a vise to prevent movement.

Page 36: Chisel Specifications

  • Cutting Edge:

    • The facet forming the cutting edge usually has angles of 60-70 degrees.

    • For flat chisel on bronze: facets should be 50°.

Page 37: Types of Cold Chisels

  • Metal Cutting Chisels:

    • Cold Chisel

    • Cape Chisel

    • Half Round Chisel

    • Diamond Point Chisel

    • Round Nose Chisel

Page 38: Self Test

  • Course: ILM 310101bA

  • Area: Safety, Shop Practices Assignment 2