310101bA Shop Hand Tools

Page 1: Basic Tools Introduction

• Title: Basic Tools

• Part A: ILM 310101bA

• Key Concept: Place for Everything & Everything in its Place

Page 2: Objectives of Basic Tools

• Primary Goals:

  • Describe safe techniques for using various workshop hand tools.

  • Evaluate tool condition based on:

    • Workmanship

    • Attitude

    • Work efficiency judgment

Page 3: Hand Tools Maintenance

• Three Cardinal Rules for Tool Maintenance:

  1. Keep tools clean.

  2. Keep tools lubricated if required.

  3. Replace tools when damaged or worn.

• Additional Information:

  • Never modify or fabricate a tool.

  • Light oiling prevents rusting.

  • Always put tools away after use.

Page 4: Hammers Overview

• Types of Hammers:

  • Claw: Hammering & pulling nails.

  • Peen: Stretching or forming metal (e.g., Ball Peen, Straight Peen, Cross Peen).

Page 5: Specialty Hammers

• Types:

  • Dead Blow (filled with sand): Reduces recoil.

  • Soft-faced: Non-sparking, prevents scarring.

  • Options include: Rubber, Plastic, Lead, Copper, Brass.

Page 6: Heavy-Duty Hammers

• Selection Criteria:

  • Size is determined by the weight of the hammer's head.

  • Types include Engineering, Blacksmith, Sledge, Ball Peen.

Page 7: Punches

• Types of Punches:

  • Hole Punch: For making holes in gasket material.

  • Center & Prick Punches: Used for marking workpieces, with point angles of 30° to 60°, and a center punch with a 90° angle.

Page 8: Metal Stamps

• Characteristics:

  1. Permanently marks workpieces.

  2. Available in letters, numbers, and single characters.

  3. Sizes range from 0.8mm (1/32”) to 25.4mm (1”).

  4. Shallow grooves indicate orientation.

  5. Important for aligning actuators and valves during rebuilding.

Page 9: Screwdrivers

• Types:

  • Always use the correct size screwdriver.

  • Variants include:

    • Slotted

    • Cross Slot / Phillips

    • Pozidriv

    • Torx

    • Security T

    • Hexagon

Page 10: Robertson Screwdriver

• Identification:

  • Size identified by color coding.

Page 11: Security Screws

• Description:

  • Designed for installation but not easily removed (e.g., Clutch Screws).

Page 12: Adjustable Spanners

• Alias: Crescent wrench, Tumb wrench, All 16th wrench.

• Usage:

  • Overused; only for low torque, non-critical applications when a proper-sized wrench is unavailable.

Page 13: Combination Wrench Use

• Operation:

  • It is safer to pull rather than push.

Page 14: Combination Wrenches

• Sizes:

  • ½” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 7/8”

  • 3/8” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 11/16”

  • ¼” Tube fitting nut size wrench – 9/16”

• Tip: Typically subtract 1/16” for fitting body size.

Page 15: Pliers

• Types:

  • Pump Pliers: Grip in one direction (Channel Locks).

  • Others include: Linesman, Slip-joint, Crimpers.

Page 16: Pipe Wrenches

• Notes:

  • Many companies no longer allow snipes.

  • Push to grip, pull to slip.

Page 17: Vises

• Common Types:

  • Machinist Vise:

    • Flat jaws, fixed or swivel base.

    • Features: Removable jaws, pipe jaws, anvil-shaped back.

  • Utility Vise:

    • Use soft jaws for soft materials to prevent damage.

    • Never hit the handle with a hammer.

Page 18: Hacksaws

• Overview:

  • One of the most widely used saws.

  • Blades chosen based on type of steel being cut.

Page 19: Hacksaw Blade Selection

• Choosing a Blade:

  • Select the right pitch (# of teeth).

  • Ensure at least two teeth in contact with the cutting area.

Page 20: Hacksaw Techniques

• Cutting:

  • Cuts are made on the push stroke.

  • Use the whole blade with longer strokes.

  • Approximately 50 strokes per minute = 1.2 seconds per stroke.

Page 21: Hacksaw Blade Width

• Understanding Cuts:

  • Width determined by the set of the blade (tooth pattern).

Page 22: Hacksaw Types

• Examples:

  • Milwaukee Hatchet, Sawzall, Powered Pipe Cutter.

• Characteristics:

  • Hacksaws make a cold cut, preserving metal hardness.

Page 23: Files Introduction

• Function:

  • Used in metalworking and woodworking to cut fine amounts of material.

• Varieties:

  • Files come in various sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations.

Page 24: File Types

• Cross-Section Types:

  1. Flat

  2. Hand

  3. Round

  4. Half-round

  5. Triangular (Three Square)

  6. Square

  7. Warding

  8. Knife edge

Page 25: File Cuts

• Rough to Smooth:

  1. Rasp (8 TPI)

  2. Rough (20 TPI)

  3. Coarse (25 TPI)

  4. Bastard (30 TPI)

  5. Second Cut (40 TPI)

  6. Smooth (60 TPI)

  7. Dead Smooth

Page 26: Single-Cut Files

• Description:

  • One set of parallel teeth.

  • Cross-cut or double-cut files have a second set forming diamond teeth.

Page 27: Heavy Rough Cutting Files

• Types:

  1. Large coarse double-cut file.

• Finishing Cuts:2. Second cut file.3. Smooth cut file.

Page 28: Filing Techniques

• Cast Iron:

  • Start with a bastard cut, finish with a second cut.

• Soft Metal:

  • Start with a second cut, finish with a smooth file.

• Hard Steel:

  • Start with smooth cut, finish with dead smooth file.

Page 29: Filing Specific Metals

• Brass & Bronze:

  • Start with a bastard file and finish with a second or smooth cut file.

• Aluminum, Lead, Babbitt Metal:

  • Use a bastard cut curved-tooth file.

• File Size Recommendations:

  • Small work: Short file

  • Medium work: 8-inch file

  • Large work: Use the most convenient size.

Page 30: Swiss-Pattern Files

• Description:

  • Teeth cut at a shallower angle, graded by a number system (00 – 6, with 6 being the finest).

Page 31: Draw-Filing

• Technique:

  • File grasped at both ends; even pressure with pulling and pushing motions.

  • File held perpendicular to motion direction.

Page 32: Advantages of Draw-Filing

• Benefits:

  1. Steady angle for a fine surface finish.

  2. Use a single-cut mill bastard or long-angled lathe file.

  3. Shearing action minimizes scoring.

  4. Maintain balanced pressure during strokes.

Page 33: File Maintenance

• Cleaning:

  • Clean files to prevent scratching.

  • Use a file card for better surface and to prevent clogging (pinning).

Page 34: Cold Chisels

• Function:

  • Only cut metal softer than the chisel.

• Categories:

  • Point shapes: Flat, Cape, Round Nose, Diamond Point.

Page 35: Cold Chisel Rules

• Safety Guidelines:

  1. Always wear safety glasses.

  2. Avoid mushroomed heads (they can chip or cause glancing blows).

  3. Ensure chisel heads are free from oil & grease.

  4. Block work in a vise to prevent movement.

Page 36: Chisel Specifications

• Cutting Edge:

  • The facet forming the cutting edge usually has angles of 60-70 degrees.

  • For flat chisel on bronze: facets should be 50°.

Page 37: Types of Cold Chisels

• Metal Cutting Chisels:

  • Cold Chisel

  • Cape Chisel

  • Half Round Chisel

  • Diamond Point Chisel

  • Round Nose Chisel

Page 38: Self Test

• Course: ILM 310101bA

• Area: Safety, Shop Practices Assignment 2