Stage 1:

• High CBR

• High CDR

• Low NIR

• No country in the world today

Stage 2:

• High CBR

• Falling CDR

• High NIR

• Started by the Industrial Revolution

Stage 3:

• Starts with more urbanization

• Falling CBR

• Lower CDR

• Moderate NIR

• India

Stage 4:

• Women get more opportunities

• Low CBR

• Low CDR

• Low/ No NIR

• Most developed countries today fall in Stage 4

• US, UK, AUS, West EU

Stage 5:

• Low CDR

• Low CBR

• Negative NIR

• Russia, Japan, Belarus, Germany

Dependency/Sex Ratios:

• High Youth Dependency Ratio:

  • Large future workforce

  • Leads to lack of qualified workforce

  • puts a strain on carrying capacity

  • women are typically in home roles

  • More schooling is required

• High Elderly Dependency Ratio:

  • higher cost for Medicare and other services

  • possible future labor shortages

• Male skewed sex ratio:

  • Low TFR

  • Lack of population growth

  • Increased social tensions