Knowt
Note
Studied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 36 peopleNoteStudied by 28 peopleNoteStudied by 8 peopleNoteStudied by 23 people
Unit 2, Ch 13, Part 2 (holy yap)
Federal budget - generated by Congress to address both mandatory and discretionary spending
Power of the purse - the ability of Congress to check the bureaucracy by appropriating or withholding funds
Mandatory spending - required by law for entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid
Entitlements - any government-provided or government-managed benefit or service to which some or all individuals are entitled
Social Security - a social insurance program funded by a payroll tax on current employers and employees to be redistributed to qualifying individuals for retirement, disability, or survivor benefits
Medicare - a federal government-subsidized healthcare program for qualified elderly Americans
Medicaid - a federal government-subsidized healthcare program for qualified low-income households
Discretionary spending - approved on an annual basis for defense spending, education, and infrastructure ; as entitlement costs grow, discretionary spending opportunities will decrease unless tax revenues increase, or the budget deficit increases
Infrastructure - a set of facilities, structures, and utilities developed, owned, operated, and maintained by the federal, state, and/or municipal government ; includes highways, roads, railroads, bridges, ports, airports, public transportation, water and sewage systems, electrical grids, and broadband systems
Pork barrel - funding for a local project in a larger appropriation bill
Logrolling - (combining several pieces of legislation into one bill to secure enough votes for passage) subject to clarification
Reapportionment - redistribution of congressional seats to the several states based on the U.S. Census held every 10 years
Redistricting - redrawing of congressional districts by state legislatures based on congressional reapportionment
Marginal districts - Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically less than 55 percent of the vote.
Safe districts - Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.
Gerrymandering - redrawing of congressional districts with the intent to create undue advantage for a political party
Divided government - when one party controls the presidency and the other party controls at least one of the chambers of Congress
Polarization - when political attitudes move toward ideological extremes
Gridlock - a situation in which no congressional action on legislation can be taken due to a lack of consensus
Trustee representative - A representative who will vote on issues based on their own knowledge and judgment
Delegate representative - A representative who sees themselves as an agent of those who elected them and will vote on issues based on the interests of their constituents
Politico representative - uses a combination of trustee and delegate role conceptions
Partisan voting - when members of Congress vote based on their political party affiliation
Policy agenda - a list of subjects or issues to which government officials will agree to consider as part of public policymaking
Congressional agenda - the formal list of policies Congress is considering at any given time ; policy conflicts with the congressional agenda can lead the president to use executive orders and directives to the bureaucracy to address the president’s own agenda items
Discretionary power - delegated by Congress to bureaucratic agencies to interpret and implement policies
Unit 2, Ch 13, Part 2 (holy yap)
Federal budget - generated by Congress to address both mandatory and discretionary spending
Power of the purse - the ability of Congress to check the bureaucracy by appropriating or withholding funds
Mandatory spending - required by law for entitlement programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid
Entitlements - any government-provided or government-managed benefit or service to which some or all individuals are entitled
Social Security - a social insurance program funded by a payroll tax on current employers and employees to be redistributed to qualifying individuals for retirement, disability, or survivor benefits
Medicare - a federal government-subsidized healthcare program for qualified elderly Americans
Medicaid - a federal government-subsidized healthcare program for qualified low-income households
Discretionary spending - approved on an annual basis for defense spending, education, and infrastructure ; as entitlement costs grow, discretionary spending opportunities will decrease unless tax revenues increase, or the budget deficit increases
Infrastructure - a set of facilities, structures, and utilities developed, owned, operated, and maintained by the federal, state, and/or municipal government ; includes highways, roads, railroads, bridges, ports, airports, public transportation, water and sewage systems, electrical grids, and broadband systems
Pork barrel - funding for a local project in a larger appropriation bill
Logrolling - (combining several pieces of legislation into one bill to secure enough votes for passage) subject to clarification
Reapportionment - redistribution of congressional seats to the several states based on the U.S. Census held every 10 years
Redistricting - redrawing of congressional districts by state legislatures based on congressional reapportionment
Marginal districts - Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically less than 55 percent of the vote.
Safe districts - Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.
Gerrymandering - redrawing of congressional districts with the intent to create undue advantage for a political party
Divided government - when one party controls the presidency and the other party controls at least one of the chambers of Congress
Polarization - when political attitudes move toward ideological extremes
Gridlock - a situation in which no congressional action on legislation can be taken due to a lack of consensus
Trustee representative - A representative who will vote on issues based on their own knowledge and judgment
Delegate representative - A representative who sees themselves as an agent of those who elected them and will vote on issues based on the interests of their constituents
Politico representative - uses a combination of trustee and delegate role conceptions
Partisan voting - when members of Congress vote based on their political party affiliation
Policy agenda - a list of subjects or issues to which government officials will agree to consider as part of public policymaking
Congressional agenda - the formal list of policies Congress is considering at any given time ; policy conflicts with the congressional agenda can lead the president to use executive orders and directives to the bureaucracy to address the president’s own agenda items
Discretionary power - delegated by Congress to bureaucratic agencies to interpret and implement policies
NoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 9 peopleNoteStudied by 36 peopleNoteStudied by 28 peopleNoteStudied by 8 peopleNoteStudied by 23 people