Athletics:: Activities, such as sports, exercises, and games, that require physical skill and stamina.

Athletics:: also called track-and-field sports or track and field, a variety of competitions in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events.

The Track & Field Stadium::

Outdoor Arena::

400 meters in length, and has at least eight lanes. Each lane is about 1.22 meters wide. The track is covered by water-resistant synthetic running surface.

Indoor Arena::

200 meters in length and have four to eight lanes with 0.90 meters to 1.10 meters in width each. The bends of these tracks are banked to make up for the smaller turning radius.

Track & Field Games::

Outdoor Games::

100 meter dash, 100 meter hurdles, Steeplechase, Racewalk events, Discus, Hammer, Javelin, etc.

Indoor Games::

Indoor weight throw, Pentathlon, 50, 55 or 60 meters dash, 50, 55 or 60 meter hurdles, etc.

Terminologies in Athletics::

The anchor leg: of a relay is given to the fastest or most experienced competitor on a team. Refers to the final position in a relay race.

Candence: used as a measure of athletic performance. In sports involving running is the total number of ‘revolutions per minute’ (RPM).

Foot speed: is the maximum speed at which a human can run.

Fully automatic time: Is a form of race timing in which the clock is automatically activated by the starting device.

Mass start: is a format of starting in some events in athletics (track and field).

Pace: also called rhythm or tempo.

Pace band: is a wristband, sometimes made of a strip of waterproof paper, that lists expected split times for a running race.

Pace setter: is a runner who leads a middle: or long distance running event.

Photo finish: occurs in a sporting race, when two (or more) competitors cross the finishing line at near the same time. To determine who win the race.

Scissors: is a style used in the athletics event of high jump. As it allows the jumper to land on their feet.

Second wind: is a phenomenon in distance running, whereby an athlete who is too out of breath and tired to continue suddenly finds the strength to press on at top performance with less exertion.

Short course prevention factor: is a multiplicative factor or coefficient used in the sport of athletics, specifically road running, to ensure that the measured length of a course is at least as long as the desired length of the course.

Tartan track: is the trademarked all-weather synthetic track surfacing made of polyurethane which is used for track and field competitions.

Track spikes: or just spikes, are pointed protrusions usually made of metal, ceramic or plastic that is screwed into the bottom of most track and field shoes to increase traction and minimize the likelihood of slipping.

Vertical jump:

Is the act of raising one’s center of gravity higher in the vertical plane solely with the use of one’s own muscles; it is a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground (jump) from a standstill. The vertical jump is divided into two different types:

Standing vertical jump: This refers to a vertical jump done from a standstill with no steps being involved at all.

Running vertical jump: This refers to a vertical jump after an approach or run to help add energy to the jump in an effort to improve on the standing vertical jump.

Wind assistance: is a term in track and field, which refers to the wind level during a race or event as registered by a wind gauge.

Track events: It includes a variety of races. Short races, called sprints, stress maximum speed, while distance races require more endurance. In certain running races such as hurdles and steeplechases, runners must go over barriers. Other races, called relays involve teams of runners.

The following are track events:

A. SPRINTS

Sprints: are short running events in athletics and track and field. This game featured only at the stadion race.

Short distance- middle distance – long distance

It is a false start: if a competitor ails after a reasonable time to comply with the common “set” start before the pistol is fired.

A pistol shot: after a false start recalls the competitors.

The competitor responsible must be warned.

Competitors: are disqualified after causing two false starts, or three false starts in the decathlon and heptathlon

Obstruction

A competitor who jostles, run across or otherwise obstructs another competitor is liable to disqualification.

After a disqualification the referee may order the race to be re-run or in the case of a heat, permit any affected competitor to complete in the next round.

Lanes:

For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes.

The finish:

The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner.

Hurdling:

Races with hurdles. Two types: intermediate and high

Steeplechase:

It is a race usually of 3,000 meters over two kinds of obstacles, hurdles and water jumps.

Walking races:

are also called race walking, may take place in a track or a road.

Relays: are run by teams of four runners.

Field events: take place in specially prepared areas, usually within the oval track

This includes:

Long jump: is perhaps the most natural to perform and the easiest to learn.

The triple jump: It is originally called the hop, step, and jump, consists of three continuous jumps.

HIGH JUMP: A high jumper runs towards the bar from any angle within a large, semi-circular runway.

Pole vault: a pole vaulter uses a long pole usually made of fiberglass. He begins his vault by sprinting down a runway, carrying the pole with both hands.

Throwing events:

PULL: from the back in javelin throw

PUSH: from the shoulder in the shot put

SWING: from the side in the discus and hammer throw

The shot put: involves putting a heavy metal ball as far as possible.

Discus throw: is a throwing event where athletes throw a 2kg plate like implement from a 2.5m circle.

The hammer throw: is a throwing event where the object thrown is a heavy steel ball attached with a long wire to a handle.

The javelin throw: is a throwing event where the object to be thrown is a spear-like object made of metal, fiberglass and, in some cases, carbon fiber.

Multi events:

Athletes compete in multiple events over the course of one or two days in the combined competitions known as the decathlon, heptathlon, and pentathlon.

1)Decathlon:

The decathlon is a 10-event competition for men. It takes place over two days

(first day) 100-metre dash, running long (broad) jump, shot put, high jump, and 400-metre run; (second day) 110-metre hurdles, discus throw, pole vault, javelin throw, and 1,500-metre run..

2)Heptathlon:

A heptathlon is a track and field combined events contest made up of seven events. 100 meter hurdles, 200 meters, 800 meters,High jump.,Long jump.,Shot put.,Javelin throw.

3)Pentathlon:

A pentathlon is a contest featuring five events. The fencing, swimming, show jumping, shooting and running.