PCQA: INTRO. TO CHEMISTRY

WHAT'S CHEMISTRY EVER DONE FOR US?

● ANAESTHETICS: We take surgery under anesthesia for granted today, but the

first anesthetics were only discovered in the mid-1800s. Subsequently chemists

have made many more.

● ANTIBIOTICS: Bacterial infections were a common cause of death until

antibiotics became available in the 1930s. Chemists have since discovered

numerous classes of antibiotics.

● BATTERIES: Both alkaline batteries and the lithium batteries in your phone were

developed by chemists, and they're still working on making improvements to

them.

● BIRTH CONTROL: The first oral contraceptives became available in the 1960s

after chemists developed synthetic compounds that could affect hormone levels

in the body

● CATALYTIC CONVERTERS: Catalytic converters, developed in the 1960s and

70s, convert toxic gasses and pollutants in car exhaust gas into less harmful

emissions, helping to reduce pollution

● FERTILIZERS: The Haber process, developed in the early 1900s, creates 450

million tons of nitrogen fertilizer per year. This is vital for growing food and

supporting the world's population

● FUELS: Petrol and diesel extracted from crude oil currently fuel the majority of

our cars. Chemists are also investigating cleaner alternatives, such as hydrogen

fuels.

● PLASTICS: Plastics are everywhere in our day-to-day lives. Over the years

chemists have developed a range of plastics for different uses, including clothing

and food packaging

● SCREENS: If you're reading this on a screen, you have chemists to thank.

Different types of screens and touch screens all rely on materials developed by

chemists to work.

● WATER TREATMENT: Water chlorination began in the early 1900s and kills

bacteria and microbes, helping prevent the spread of diseases such as cholera. It

also keeps swimming pools clear

Branches of Chemistry:

● Organic Chemistry - deals with the reaction of the study of most

carbon-containing compounds.

● Inorganic Chemistry - the study of all substances not classified as organic,

mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon.

● Physical Chemistry - the study of the structure of matter, energy, changes, and

the laws, principles and theories that govern the transformation of matter and

their relations.

● Analytical Chemistry - the identification, separation, and quantitative

determination of the components of different molecules

● Biochemistry-specializes in the study of substances and processes occurring in

living things.

● Theoretical Chemistry - the use of Mathematics and computers to understand

the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the

properties of the compounds.

● Agrochemistry deals with the application of chemistry for agricultural

production, food processing and environmental remediation.

● Astrochemistry- study of composition and reactions of the chemical elements

and molecules founding the stars and in the space and of the interactions

between this matter and radiation.

● Cluster Chemistry- involves the study of the cluster of branched atoms,

intermediate in size between single molecules and bulk solids.

● Combinatorial Chemistry- is the chemistry associated with soil, air and water

and of the human impact on natural systems.

● Geochemistry - study of chemical composition and chemical processes

associated with the Earth and other planets.

● Green Chemistry- concerned with the processes and products that eliminate or

reduce the use of hazardous substances.

● Medicinal Chemistry- chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.

● Nuclear Chemistry- is a branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions

and isotopes.

● Photochemistry- is a branch of chemistry concerned with the interaction

between light and matter

History of Chemistry

Prior to 1000 B.C., processing of natural ores to produce metals for ornaments and

weapons and the use of embalming fluids are already being used.

ØAncient civilizations and technologies formed the various branches of Chemistry, and

has applied to in several ways:

The Greek philosophers were the first to formulate theories about the behavior of

matter. By about 400 B.C. they had proposed that all matter was composed of four

fundamental substances: fire, earth, water, and air.

● "whether matter is continuous, and thus infinitely divisible into smaller pieces, or

composed of small, indivisible particles...”

● The latter was supported by Demokritos of Abderg (c. 460-c. 370 B.C.) and

Leucippos, who used the term atomos (which later became atoms) to describe

these ultimate particles.

● Experimental Chemistry originated from alchemy, a mystical chemistry devoted to

things such as converting common metal into gold. The philosophers called the

followers of alchemy as alchemists.

● Alchemy was referred to as pseudoscience.

Pythagoras (530 В.С.)

● believed that the earth is spherical in shape and rotated an axis once a day.

Aristotle (384-323 В.С.)

● held that the elements Fire, Water, Air, and Earth were the building blocks of all

substances

● recognized that most ordinary, material things are composed of multiple

substances, although he thought that some of them could be composed of a

single, pure substance

Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)

● discovered the laws concerning pulleys, levers and of floating bodies which in

turn gave rise to the concepts of density and specific gravity.

Hero of Alexandria (A.D. 62-150)

● whose main work was devoted to describing gaseous behavior and in many

respects anticipated the kinetic molecular theory.

MODERN CHEMISTRY

● development of systematic metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores) by a

German, GeorgiusAgricola [aka Georg Bauer] (1494-1555)

● medicinal application of minerals by a Swiss alchemist/physician known as

Paracelsus (full name: Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

[1493-1541]).

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

● carefully measured the relationship between the pressure and volume of air.

Published his book "The Skeptical Chymist" in 1661, paving the way to give

birth to the quantitative sciences of physics and chemistry.

The phenomenon of combustion evoked intense interest in the 17th and 18th

Georg Stahl (1660-1734)

● suggested that a substance he called "phlogiston" flowed out of the burning

material.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804)

● an English clergyman and scientist discovered oxygen and was found to support

vigorous combustion and was thus supposed to be low in phlogiston.

● By the late 18th century, combustion had been studied extensively; the gases

carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen had been discovered; and the

list of elements continued to grow.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)

● a French chemist who finally explained the true nature of combustion. His

experiments suggested that mass is neither created nor destroyed (Law of

Conservation of Mass).

● He published the first modern chemistry textbook, Elementary Treatise on

Chemistry, in which he presented a unified picture of the chemical knowledge

assembled up to that time.

Joseph Proust (1754-1826)

● showed that a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of

elements by mass.

The principle of the constant composition of compounds, originally called "Proust's

law," is now known as the Law of Definite Proportion. A given compound always

contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.

John Dalton (1766-1844)

● an English schoolteacher thought about atoms as the particles that might

compose elements.

Law of Multiple Proportions- when two elements form a series of compounds, the

ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first

By 1869, the concepts of atoms and molecules were well established, and it was

possible for Mendeleev and Meyerto describe different forms of the periodic table.

In 1896, Becquerel discovered radioactivity, and another area of study was opened.

Studies of subatomic particles, spectra, and electricity finally led to the atomic theory

of Bohr in 1913...

which was soon modified by the quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg

in 1926 and 1927

Famous Foreign Scientists

Isaac Newton

● Father of Modern Science

Marie Curie

● discovered the radioactive elements (Radium and Polonium)

Robert Boyle

● Father of Chemistry

● the first scientist who gave the first process definition of a chemical

element,reaction and chemical analysis.

Henry Cavendish

● he discovered the hydrogen gas which he termed "inflammable air"

● found out that water was composed of two gasses, hydrogen and oxygen

John Dalton

● known for the discovery of modern atomic theory

Ernest Rutherford

● proposed that atoms are mostly empty with a positively charged nucleus

Filipino Scientists

Julian Banzon

● He researched methods of producing alternative fuels.

Dr. Benjamin Cabrera

● developed innovations in drug treatments against diseases caused by

mosquitoes and agricultural soil.

Paulo Campos

● built the first radioisotopes laboratory in the Philippines.

● "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines".

Ernesto del Rosario

● best known for his achievements in industrial biotechnology and applied

physical chemistry.

Armando Kapauan

● specialized in environmental chemistry.

● taught one of the first environmental chemistry courses in the country

Luz Oliveros Belardo

● researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural

products.

Alfredo Santos

● noted researcher in the chemistry of natural products.