Aim: What is Mitosis?
Terminology:
Extracellular space
Protein channel
Cell membrane
Carrier proteins
Intracellular space
3 Stages of Cell Cycle:
Interphase
Mitosis (M Phase)
Cytokinesis
Interphase Components:
Growth 1
DNA Synthesis (S phase)
Growth 2
Mitosis Stages:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
3 Stages:
Growth 1 (G1)
Cell grows and produces more VIP molecules (nucleotides, enzymes, etc.)
DNA Synthesis (S)
DNA replication occurs
Growth 2 (G2)
Continued growth and preparation for cell division
Checklist:
Chromatin condenses
Nucleoli disappear
Duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids
Mitotic spindle formation begins
Centrosomes move apart
Checklist:
Nuclear envelope fragments
Microtubules enter nuclear area; some attach to kinetochores
Checklist:
Centrosomes at opposite poles
Chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Microtubules attach to each kinetochore
Checklist:
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Cell elongation occurs due to shortening of microtubules
Checklist:
Two daughter nuclei form
Nucleoli reappear
Chromosomes become less condensed
Cytokinesis Checklist:
Cytokinesis occurs
Animals: cleavage furrow forms from contractile ring of actin filaments
Plants: vesicles from Golgi form a cell plate
Nucleus dissolves
DNA condenses: chromosomes visible
Spindle fibers form
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate
Contract spindle fibers to move chromatids to opposite poles
Nucleus reforms
DNA decondenses
Cell membrane begins to pinch in
Cytoplasm divides
Formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Maternal and Paternal chromosomes observed
Parent cell: 2n=2; Results in 2 daughter cells
Post-mitosis: tracking of chromosomes and chromatids
Anaphase: 4 chromatids present
Phase | # Chromosomes | # Chromatids |
---|---|---|
Prophase | 46 | 92 |
Metaphase | 46 | 92 |
Anaphase | 92 | 92 |
Telophase | 92 | 92 |
End of Mitosis | 46 | 46 |
Identify stages of mitosis:
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Structure labeled "X": Options are Centriole, Spindle, Chromosome, Chromatid
During which phase do chromosomes first become visible? Options:A. InterphaseB. TelophaseC. MetaphaseD. Prophase
Structure responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis:A. NucleolusB. Nuclear membraneC. SpindleD. Cytoplasm
Anaphase movement affected by a drug preventing:A. Nuclear envelope breakdownB. Cell wall formationC. Elongation of microtubulesD. Shortening of microtubulesE. Formation of cleavage furrow
If sperm cell contains 12 chromosomes, organism has: A. 4B. 8C. 12D. 16E. 24
Cell has 50 chromosomes; after division, one daughter cell has 49 and the other 51.
Possible reason: Anaphase failure to attach spindle fibers, resulting in lagging chromosome.