1. Capillary: From the finger (adults) or heel (babies).
2. Vacuum: From the arm, wrist, or foot/toe.
3. Syringe: (Method not detailed).
Blood Components & Circulation
• Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood (CO₂-rich, appears blue).
• Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood (O₂-rich, appears red).
• Capillaries: Site where oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) mix and exchange.
Vascular System
• Blood vessels are part of the vascular-nervous package, including veins, arteries, and nerves.
Blood Composition
• 100% Blood Composition:
• 45% Cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
• 55% Plasma
• Hemoglobin (Hb)
• O₂ + Hemoglobin = HbO₂
• CO₂ + Hemoglobin = HbCO₂
• HbS (Sickle Cell Hemoglobin): Causes sickle cell disease.
• Blood Cells & Function
• Neutrophils: Fight bacteria.
• Basophils: Respond to viral infections.
• Eosinophils: Fight parasites (possibly allergies too).
Blood Clotting & Lifespan
• Platelet Count for Clotting: (150,000–300,000).
• Liver processes red blood cells, which have a lifespan of ~120 days.
• Old blood cells become damaged and ineffective.
Blood Typing & Compatibility
• A, B, AB, O blood groups:
• AB+ = Universal recipient.
• O- = Universal donor.
• Blood type reaction (+) indicates antigen presence; no reaction (-) means no antigen.
Other Notes
• Bone marrow produces red blood cells.
• Low RBC count can indicate anemia.
• Hematocrit (Hct) = The proportion of red blood cells in blood.