Lecture 1_Introduction_ForUpload
Lecture 1 - What is Cognitive Psychology?
Overview
Introduction to cognitive psychology and its significance.
Page 1: What is Cognitive Psychology?
Definition and importance of cognitive psychology.
Page 2: Topics Covered
What is Cognitive Psychology?
Different disciplines of Cognitive Psychology.
The rise of Cognitive Psychology.
Research approaches in studying cognition.
Page 3: Reiteration of Topics
Emphasizes the key concepts of cognitive psychology to be explored further.
Page 4: Introduction to Psychology
Psychology was originally defined as "the study of the mind and brain."
Utilizes a scientific approach to study behaviors and mental processes.
Behaviors: Observable actions of individuals.
Mental Processes: Internal experiences such as sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings.
Page 5: Cognition Defined
Cognitive Psychology focuses on cognition, defined as mental processes including perception, attention, and memory.
Page 6: Historical Context
Emergence in the 1950s and 1960s, emphasizing the connection between mental functions and observable behaviors.
Studies various cognitive aspects including attention, language, learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving.
Page 7: Content Structure
Key areas of focus in cognitive psychology reiterated for clarity.
Page 8: Cognitive Psychology Overview
Concerned with the scientific study of the mind.
Explores how individuals perceive, learn, remember, and think about information, focusing on:
Memory
Learning
Perception
Reasoning
Problem-Solving
Decision-Making
Language
Attention
Emotion
Page 9: Further Content Structure
Reiteration of key topics in cognitive psychology for study and reference.
Page 10: Key Contributors to Cognitive Psychology
Important historical figures prior to the cognitive revolution:
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909): Studied memory and word lists under varied conditions.
Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969): Examined social processes of remembering and influenced memory with existing knowledge.
Page 11: Key Contributors Continued
Jean Piaget (1896–1980): Developed cognitive-developmental stage model.
Donald E. Broadbent (1926–1993): Mechanism of attention.
Daniel Kahneman (1934–2024): Nobel Prize for work on decision-making.
Page 12: Key Contributors Continued
George Miller (1920–2012): Co-founder of cognitive psychology; studied short-term memory.
Eleanor Rosch (1938–): Developed prototype theory of categorization.
Page 13: Further Contributions
Amos Tversky (1937–1996): Explored prediction, judgment, and decision-making alongside Kahneman.
Page 14: Foundational Cognitive Psychologists
Franciscus Donders (1818-1889): Measurement of decision-making time through reaction-time experiments.
His research inferred mental processes from behavioral responses.
Page 15: Donders' Reaction Time Experiment
Simple RT Task: Participant responds quickly after a light appears.
Choice RT Task: Participant responds according to the side the light appears on.
Page 16: Donders' Experimental Illustration
Visualization of Donders's experiments showing tasks and participant responses to different light stimuli.
Page 17: Sequence of Events in Donders' Experiments
Breakdown of delay between stimulus presentation and participant response.
Page 18: Conclusions from Donders' Study
Difference between choice and simple reaction times inferred decision time for choices (1/10th second).
Page 19: Wilhelm Wundt's Contributions
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920): Founder of experimental psychology and first lab in 1879.
Pioneered reaction time experiments as a measure to study psychology.
Page 20: Wundt's Structuralism
Proposed that experience is shaped by sensations and analyzed through analytic introspection.
Page 21: Hermann Ebbinghaus and Memory
Explored memory through nonsense syllables, determining repetitions needed for recall.
Page 22: Ebbinghaus's Research Findings
Developed a savings measure for memory, observing differences between initial learning and relearning.
Page 23: Ebbinghaus's Savings Curve
Graphical representation of memory retention over various time intervals, illustrating rapid forgetting initially.
Page 24: William James's Influence
William James (1842-1910): Early American psychologist; taught psychology and established a psychology demonstration lab.
Page 25: James’s Key Work
Authored influential "Principles of Psychology" comprising fundamental psychological concepts.
Page 26: James’s Methodology
Observational approach without conducting experiments; studied cognition comprehensively.
Page 27: The Rise of Behaviorism
John Watson (1878-1958): Introduced behaviorism that shifted focus from the mind to observable behavior.
Page 28: Watson’s “Little Albert” Experiment
Examined classical conditioning and fear through the famous "Little Albert" study.
Page 29: B.F. Skinner’s Contributions
Focused on operant conditioning, exploring stimulus-response relationships through reinforcement.
Page 30: Timeline of Early Studies
Key milestones in psychology from Donders's experiments to the rise of behaviorism highlighted.
Page 31: Decline of Behaviorism
End of behaviorism in the 1950s marked by breakthroughs in cognitive map and language acquisition.
Page 32: Spatial Navigation by Tolman
Edward Tolman (1886-1959): Demonstrated cognitive mapping in rats navigating a maze.
Page 33: Tolman’s Maze Design
Experimental design showing the exploration and navigation of rats within a maze.
Page 34: Support for Cognitive Mapping
Rats displayed navigational behavior supporting cognitive map theory against behaviorism.
Page 35: Language Acquisition Debates
Skinner’s theory emphasizing imitation and reinforcement in language learning.
Page 36: Chomsky's Counter Arguments
Noam Chomsky (1928-): Critiqued Skinner’s theory, proposing innate biological programming for language.
Page 37: Chomsky and Skinner Debate
Resources for further exploration of Chomsky and Skinner's differing views on language acquisition.
Page 38: The Cognitive Revolution
The 1950s breakthroughs led to a resurgence of interest in the study of the mind and cognitive processes.
Page 39: Timeline of Cognitive Revolution Events
Significant milestones in the rise of cognitive psychology and decline of behaviorism noted for study.
Page 40: Structure of Content
Continuation of important topics and concepts to be focused on for cognitive psychology.
Page 41: Understanding Cognitive Behavior
Measurement of observable behavior to infer underlying cognitive activity and insights about mental processes.
Page 42: New Concepts Acquired
Overview of updated theories and concepts introduced in cognitive psychology.
Page 43: Research Approaches
Information-processing approach: Stages of mental operations inspired by computer insights.
Page 44: Artificial Intelligence's Role
AI development leading to simulations for modeling human behavior in cognitive research.
Page 46: Physiology of Cognition Methods
Neuropsychology, EEG, Brain Imaging Techniques (PET and fMRI): Understanding behavioral implications of brain functions.
Page 47: Electroencephalography (EEG)
Summation of electrical activity from multiple brain neurons indicated through electrode placement.
Page 48: Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Technique using radioactive substances to visualize brain activity and neuronal behaviors.
Page 49: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Imaging showing blood flow and oxygen level changes indicating neural activity during cognitive tasks.
Page 50: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Technique applying magnetic fields to observe the impact on brain functionality and behavior correlations.
Page 52: Models in Cognitive Psychology
Two prevalent models:
Structural Models
Process Models
Page 53: Structural Models
Representations mimicking physical structures (e.g., brain models depicting various regions).
Page 54: Visual Structure Representation
Example models illustrating neurological structure interactions (visual systems).
Page 55: Process Models
Illustrate cognitive processes with connections determining relationships between functions.