psych exam 2 study guide

Conception: A single sperm (male) cell penetrates the egg's outer coating (female) and fuses to form one fertilized egg, AKA sex.

first cell division occurs: 30 hours after conception

germinal stage time: first 2 weeks

germinal stage: zygote (initially splits, then differentiates into different body structures)

Embryonic stage time: 2-8th week

Embryonic stage: embryo (zygote's outer part attaches to the uterus wall, starting to form the placenta!)

Fetal stage when: 8th week to birth

Fetal stage: fetus

Placenta: transfers nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, and hormones from the mother to the fetus. prohibits blood transfusion between mom and fetus.

Function of the placenta: in addition, forms a barrier that filters out harmful substances- teratogen

rooting reflex: turns head towards gentle touch

sucking reflex: instinctively sucks on anything that touches the roof of their mouth

more reflex: startle reaction or embrace reflex

baby sitting: 6 months

baby crawling: 8-9 months

baby walking: 12 months

walking independently: 15 months

Frontal lobe development: 3-6 years

association areas development: 6 to puberty

Sensorimotor stage: (0-2 years) Infants learn about the world through their senses and actions

object permanence: (8 months) knowing that an object doesn’t disappear when hidden. peek-a-boo!!

Stranger anxiety: (7~8 months) Infants distinguish between family and strangers. anxiety around strangers.

preoperational stage: (2-7 years): memory and language develop in leaps. rely on intuition rather than logical reasoning. the water in the two cups thing.

Egocentric: cant take perspective of another person yet (the volcano)

Conservation: mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in their form or shape (the water in cups)

Concrete operational: (7-11 years) kinds start understanding logic and reason.

Formal operational: (12 and up) reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking. can use symbols and imagined realities to reason systematically.

imprinting: first animal animals see is their mama. need to be able to move right after birth for it to work, doesn’t work on humans

Attachment: Originated from Harlow, infants bonded with surrogate mothers bc of BODILY CONTACT!!!!

Harlow study: monkeys showed great anxiety when their cloth mommy was removed.

Attachment theory: bonds between parent and child have a long lifelong impact on the child

Parent-child interaction shapes: child mental model of interpersonal relationships

Secure attachment: explore environment happily, when mommy gone they stree, when mommy back, they are happy for the reunion

Insecure attachment (anxious-resistant): overly clingy and anxious. mommy shows little love, they get defensive and when they see that love, they cling to it. Stress when moms there, stress when mom is gone.

Insecure attachment (anxious-avoidant): cold and distant, the neglected ones that learn to be “independent.” don’t care when mom returns.

Older ppl become more susceptible to short-term illnesses? no, strong immune systems, but get very weak when sick, can kill them

During old age, many brain neurons die. no, just slow down

Memory declines with age. yes?? idk

DSM: American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

What does DSM do? defines a diagnostic process and 16 clinical syndromes. Describes various disorders and various disorders and lists their prevalence

What does DSM NOT do? explain the cause of disorders

David Rosenhan’s field study: admitted to a hospital when they didn’t have any mental illnesses, proved the system is broken, only patients figured out they were faking it.

Anxiety disorder: Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

Generalized anxiety disorder: Chronic and exaggerated worry and tension. persistent tenseness, automatic arousal, inability to identify or avoid causes of certain feelings

Most common anxiety disorder? Social anxiety (intense feeling of fear in social situations)

anxiety disorder (Panic disorder): a sudden surge of intense fear and anxiety. long episodes of intense dread, including feelings of terror, chest pain, choking, or frightening sensations

Anxiety disorder (Phobia): persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disturbs behavior

Anxiety disorder (OCD): persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or engaging in senseless rituals (compulsion), causes distress

PTSD: flashbacks to previously encountered highly stressful experiences

PTSD symptoms: 1 re-experience, 1 avoidance, 2 arousals, 2 mood symptoms.

DID: person exhibits two or more alternating personalities

depression: needs to happen for 2 or more weeks, depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interests

Depression is: the common cold of psychological disorders

mania: elevated mood or behavior and activity. usually dosen’t occur by itself, with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder: person alternates between depression and manic episode

Schizophrenia: severe disorder, characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions

Schizophrenia (positive symptoms): the presence of inappropriate cognitions or behaviors (common with acute pts). Hallucinations, disorganized or delusional thinking and talking, and wrong actions (lack of empathy, laughing when not supposed to)

Schizophrenia (negative symptoms): the absence of appropriate behaviors (common among long-term pts, especially those without proper treatment). Flat affect, aka expressionless face, and rigid body

Disorganized and delusional thinking: occurs bc of selective attention failure

Schizophrenia is a(n): disease

High dopamine levels: positive symptoms

Low dopamine levels: negetive symptpms

Personality disorders (cluster A): (Odd, bizarre, exxentric) ofter associated with schiz. Have a greater grasp of reality than schiz ppl.

Personality disorders (cluster B): (dramatic, emotional, erratic) Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narsissistic personality

Personality disorders (cluster C): (anxious, fearful)

Cluster c (Avoidant personality: feeling of docial inhibitiion and indequacy. extreme sensitivity or neg evaluation

Cluster c (Dependent persocality): pervasive psychological need to be cared for by others

Cluster c (obsessive-compulsive): rigid conformity to the rules, perfectionist, control to;; satisfied and exclusion of activities nad friendships

Antisocial personality: disregard for violation of the rithts of others, lack of empathy,blolated self image, manipulative and impulsive behavior.

boredeline personality: abrupt mood swings, instability in relationships, self-image, identity, beavior and affect ofter leading to self harm and impulsivity. MOST COMMON.

Histrionic personality: attention seeking nad excessive emotions. need to be the center of attention. Will be sexual just to get attention. Speach impressionistic and lack in details. (pick me)

Narcissistic personality: Carti. Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need admiation, lack empathy. Belive they are superior. lack empathy. (carti)

Psychoanalysis: first form of psychotherapy to emerge by Freud.

frued belives psycho problems: originated from repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. Aim to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the pts can deal with them.

Psychoanalysis method: free association. the pts lies on a couch and speak wahtever comes to mind. During this, pt edits thoughts to resist feelings and to express emotions. This resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.

Humanistic therapy: aims to bppst self-fulfillment by helping ppl grow in self-awareness and self acceptance. ACTIVE LISTENING.

Behavior therapy: Applies to learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. treat PHOBIAS and ADDICTION

Behavior therapy (exposure): for phobias. expose pts to things they fear and avoid. repeated exposure = anxiety lessens.

Behavior therapy (aversive): for addiction. associated an unpleasent state with an unwanted behavior

Cognitive therapy: For depression. Pts belive they can never be happy, making minor failings in life major causes for their depression. Has them report positive events and how they contributed to these events

Group therapy: consists of 6-9 ppl, 90 min sesh, cheap and connective.

Drug therapy: use of drugs, placebo effect may occur

Depression treatmen: Behavior therapy: Environment effects; triggers, Cognitive therapy: Cognitive triad (Beck), Interpersonal therapy: Social isolation reduction and relationship networks expansion, Drug therapy: Antidepressants

Anxiety disorder treatment: Drugs and therapy (behavior for anxious emotions, cognitive targets tendency to worry)

Phobia treatment: exposure therapy

OCD treatment: exposure and response prevention, cognitive therapy, drug therapy

Schizophrenia treatment: Drug therapy

Encoding (automatic processing): automatic, like route to your school from home. Space, time, and frequency.

Encoding (effortful processing): Need attention, leads to durable and accessible memories.

Rehearsal: repetition, Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal using nonsense syllables.

Serial position effect: primacy(encoding eh first itmeam better) and recency(encoding the last iteams better)

Saleincy effect: encoding the iteams that stand out visually or semantically

Chucking effect: orginizing infor in meaningful units

Spacing effect: rehearsing over time, spreading of info, retains information better.

Sensory memory: snapshot memory, very larfe capacity, very shhort duration (varies for diffrent senses, hearing is the longest)

Working memory: limited capacity, highly efficient (aka short term)

Long-term memory: unlimited capacity, with memory decay

With no rehearsal: working memory decay

Episodic memory: memory about events (in time)

Semantic memory: memory about fact, concepts

Autobiographical memory: similar to episodic memory, but only pertains to self

Retrival (recognition): identify an iteam amongst others, ex is multiple choice question

Retrival (recal): retrive infor using effort, ex is fill in the blank test question

Retrival (relearning): shpw how much time (or effort) is saved when leaning maerial a second time

Priming: the retrieve a memory froma web of associations. ex is hearing “rabbit” imagining a rabit

Contect effect: recal more if asked questions in a place you already studied at or heard the answer to the question before.

Mood and meory: you learn better when your sad or neutral, NOT happy

Forgetting (Retroactive): Newly recalled info interferes with recall of previously learned info. Sleep prevents retroactive infrence.

Forgetting (proactive): Old memories interfere with ability to encode and retrieve new info. Studying first thing in the morning minimizes proactive interfeerence.

misinformation: Giving misinformation to give a more exaggerated answer

Memory implantation: implanting memories in older memories is easy. can lead to psychic driving (unethical) depending on the persons motive