2.2
French: Sought a water passage to Asia and maintained good relations with Native Americans. Focused on profit through fish and fur trading settlements.
Dutch: They also sought a water passage and settled in New Amsterdam. They were proudly Protestant and focused on financial gain.
English: Wanted economic opportunities and religious freedom as they faced financial struggles due to wars. They expelled Native Americans and had only a brief period of peace.
Puritans: Settled in Massachusetts and Chesapeake Bay. John Winthrop served as their governor.
2.3
Corporate colonies: Established by joint-stock companies to pool resources for colony funding, these operated with some autonomy under the company's charter.
Royal colonies: Directly controlled by the English crown, with appointed governors and councils that led to stricter regulations.
Proprietary colonies: Granted to individuals or groups by the king, allowing them to govern as they saw fit, leading to a more personalized governance approach. Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn, served as a Quaker refuge.
Virginia House of Burgesses and the Mayflower Compact were significant early governance frameworks.
2.4
Transatlantic Trade: Centered on the mercantilist system, which focused on enriching the parent country.
Navigation Acts: Required merchants to trade exclusively with English colonies and restricted tobacco exports to England, causing economic hardship for colonists. Enforcement was inconsistent, particularly under Andros.
The new king dissolved the representative assembly, centralizing power and raising tensions, which fueled desires for independence.
2.5
European rivals vied for control of North America, forming alliances with American Indian tribes.
Benefits for Europeans: Military support and local knowledge.
Benefits for American Indians: Access to European goods and weapons, plus protection from rival tribes.
The Iroquois Confederacy exemplified this cooperation.
Conflict roots: European land expansion led to tensions over different concepts of land ownership, competition for resources, and cultural misunderstandings.
Consequences: Displacement, warfare, and loss of traditions for American Indian populations, exemplified by King Philip's War (1675-1678), which resulted in a devastating defeat for the Wampanoag.
Spanish Colonization and Resistance: The Spanish used a mission system and forced labor, prompting diverse responses from American Indians, including cooperation, passive resistance, and active rebellion.
The Pueblo Revolt (1680) led by Po’pay in present-day New Mexico, resulted in a temporary expulsion of the Spanish due to religious suppression and land seizures. This forced the Spanish to rethink their colonization strategies.
Legacy: The conflict reshaped American Indian societies and cultures, leading to complex multi-ethnic communities and ongoing land disputes.
2.7 The Great Awakening
A religious revival movement in the colonies.
European Enlightenment: Introduced new ideas against traditional norms, featuring thinkers like Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
European Immigrants: Included English, Germans (Lutherans, Amish, Mennonites in Pennsylvania), and Scotch-Irish (Protestants in Pennsylvania, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia).
Enslaved Africans: Made up 20% of the population, working as laborers, bricklayers, blacksmiths, and field laborers.
Economy: Colonies contributed significantly to Britain’s world trade, with Britain controlling the colonial monetary system and holding veto power over colonial laws.
Politics: Some ideas of self-governance emerged, like a bicameral legislature featuring upper and lower houses and a governor.
Other Issues: Colonists lacked representation in England; governors could be removed at any time, leading to challenges in colonial authority.
George Whitefield: A key preacher of the Great Awakening, whose sermons encouraged colonists to challenge traditional authority.
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