APUSH Unit 2 Terms for Specificity

1.  Fur trade: The fur trade was an economically important system to Europe and the Americas. It created a trading system between the Native Americans and Europeans. This connection was widely used by the French colonists when settling in the Americas. One of the main reasons they settled in the Americas was because they wanted to control the fur trade. It helped them build good relations with the natives and grow economically in America. It also helped them to have sustainable food and item sources from the Native Americans. The fur trade mainly consisted of beavers’ fur which could be molded into virtually anything and was widely used for hats. It was a way for the colonists from Europe to establish themselves in the Americas politically and economically while creating important relations for survival.

2.  Guns: The idea of guns were new to the Native Americans and enticed them to be more friendly to the European colonizers. It also made the natives fear the Europeans colonizers. When the Europeans first came to the Americas, guns made them far superior military-wise in comparison to the natives. This made it easier to colonize land and enslave the natives. As more European influence came to the Americas, guns started to get traded along with fur trade, and they were slowly integrated into the natives’ societies. They helped the natives with hunting and fighting other tribes and the Europeans. The introduction of guns changed the way the natives functioned while working with and against them.

3.  Joint-stock company: The joint-stock companies were highly influential to the Columbian exchange and the rise of capitalism and supported the Europeans economically. It was a way to finance trade with minimal personal fallout. It was a company that was owned by many investors, so when trade was dangerous and the ships did not make it to the Americas, they only lost what they contributed. This encouraged people’s investment which promoted economic growth. It facilitated colonization in the Americas and was primarily run by English merchants.

4.  proprietary, and royal colonies: When the English colonies began, they started to culturally separate based off the influences around them such as environmental factors and heritage. They ran according to privileges from charters given from the monarch which chose the relationship between the colonies and the royalty. From this stemmed three different charters: corporate colonies, royal colonies, and proprietary colonies. The royal colonies were under direct rule of the crown and royal government, one of the most notable of these colonies was Virginia after 1624. The proprietary colonies were under the rule of the people given a charter of ownership by the king. Two of these were Maryland and Pennsylvania. Through this the colonies became increasingly more independent by choosing authority, taxes, etc. This was a start for what would make them fight for independence. Political and religious motives also provided a need for independence.

5.  Colonial legislature and governors: While the colonies were starting their independence, they created their own government with governors for chief executive and legislature to accept or deny the governor’s laws. The colonial legislature consisted of two houses: the lower house and the upper house. The lower house voted on new taxes and were white male landowners. This made them get used to choosing their own taxes of their approval. The upper house was chosen by the king or a proprietor and known as the council. The governors were also appointed by the royals or a proprietor. The governments gave the colonies a lot of independence which was another reason for their eventual fight for freedom. This new democratic system implemented town meetings for voting in which the colonists had a say in their authority. Though this system was set up by the English government, it was run by the people and gave the elected people a lot of power. This aided in the growth of the settlements to how they got to their fight for independence.

6.  William Bradford: When the first Pilgrims came to America, it was not easy to stay alive with the cold winters and new terrain. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Jamestown but ended in Plymouth. With aid from the Native Americans, William Bradford was a governor who grew Plymouth. William Bradford successfully led the sixty-seven Pilgrim separatists on the Mayflower from England to America. They were self-governing because they did not have a royal charter. He was the second governor that Plymouth had. He led the Pilgrims through all the hardships brought by the Americas such as disease, weather, food, fights, and droughts. He also greatly improved the economy through lumber, fish, and furs. After gaining the native’s help, he participated in the first Thanksgiving which influenced them to have a stable food source. William Bradford led the colonization of Plymouth and was crucial in the economic growth, survival, and expansion of the colony.

7.  Mayflower Compact: The Mayflower Compact was a written document created by the Pilgrims to enforce a democracy in 1620. It was an early form of self-government and a constitution and promised to keep a majority vote for decisions. The Mayflower Compact was made of the Mayflower ship holding religious separatists traveling from England to America. Their form of government continued to when they landed in Plymouth. It was modeled after the Pilgrim’s religious congregation for the political structure. This was a baseline for the America to come, as it was the first official compact of self-government in America. They also needed the Mayflower Compact to establish themselves as an official government because they landed so far away from their original destination, Virginia. It helped them to establish a legitimate government away from the pre-established chartered land. This is the basis on which they settled everything and decided the rights of many people such as females, lower class men, and servants in which they gave little to no rights. The Mayflower Compact was the base for the idea of self-government in America.

8.  John Winthrop: Puritans were being increasingly persecuted by the king of England because of their need to reform the Church of England. Eventually, a group of them obtained a royal charter for Massachusetts Bay Company which became Massachusetts Bay Colony to find religious freedom. They founded Boston with their leader John Winthrop. They founded many other settlements in Massachusetts. They also influenced many others to settle there because of political and religious conflicts troubling England which resulted in the Great Migration. John Winthrop was a well-educated country squire who went on to become the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. He strove to create a reformed Christian society with adequate land for the next generations. He aided in growing the economy of Massachusetts. The Puritans saw the corruption in the Church of England and were determined to purify it which they wanted to bring to America. John Winthrop was a main contributor to the growth and success of Boston which led to a lot of America’s values.

9.  Congregational Church: The congregational church was used by the people in Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was set up by the separatists to create more independence because they wanted to create their own authority and ideals, not be controlled by the church. In congregational churches the community was only held over their church, not a higher church. This made everything independently managed which created autonomy and aided in the further separation from Britain. It was supported by taxpayers who were no longer supporting the king’s taxes. This helped the people get away from persecution for their religion and create new democratic ideals in America. Because Britain’s church held a lot of authority, it aided in the further separation of America from England.

10.  Massachusetts Bay Colony: A group of Puritans seeking to find religious freedom and a place away from persecution decided to go to America. The Puritans believed the Church of England should be reformed and purified because of how corrupt it was. In 1630 John Winthrop, a Puritan governor and leader, led about a thousand Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony which was not their original destination. Here, they created a self-governing system with the Mayflower compact and developed major cities such as Boston. They also decided their own social classes and who had more rights than others. They decided land-owning men had rights and almost everyone else had little to no rights. In this society, they also created the congregational church which helped them gain more independence. Massachusetts Bay Colony was a main contributor to the Great Migration because of the mass amount of people who settled there after conflicts in England.

11.  Cod, lumber, rum: Cod, lumber, and rum were a large part of the triangular trade business. Triangular trade was a route that connected North America, Africa, and Europe. This provided much wealth for the merchants and slave trade business. Rum was the most prevalent trade item which got transported all over the world and was of high demand. Rum was traded in return for hundreds of enslaved Africans. Lumber was delivered to the West Indies for slaves; it was also used in the colonies and made a lot of wealth for the producers. Cod was also traded for slaves, and it supported the economy of the colonies. It was high in demand because it was well preserved and helped feed slaves. triangular trade grew the economy immensely and grew the interaction from the colonies. I aided the mass problem of slave labor which thrived off triangular trade.

12.  Town meeting: Most voting and decision making with the New England colonists was done in town meetings. These meetings were often done in a church to vote on various issues. They often established towns and villages to create more democracy and self-governing. This system was often disputed by the British government because they wanted more control over the colonies. King James II sent Sir Edmund Andros who was unpopular for many reasons, but especially because he limited town meetings. Though town meetings created independence, not everyone was allowed to vote. Only men who owned land were allowed to vote. Town meetings were a starting point for the growing democracy and independence of America.

13.  Anne Hutchinson: Anne Hutchinson was a wife and mother of faith in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Anne Hutchinson often challenged Puritan authorities because of her belief in antinomianism, the belief that people are saved by faith alone and do not have to follow moral laws. She accused Clergymen of putting unnecessary glory on good behavior. Because she was becoming a powerful woman with influential ideas, people did not like her. She was seen as inferior to the Church and men. She was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for this and founded Portsmouth with many of her followers which was a sanctuary for people of all beliefs. Eventually, she was killed in an uprising of the American Indians. She started a fight for diverse beliefs and the authority that women held in colonial society.

14.  Act of Toleration: The Act of Toleration was created in 1649 after many Catholics emigrated to the colonies and established plantations; though, the protestants greatly outnumbered the Catholics. Eventually the Lord of Baltimore, George Calvert, died and gave his title to his son who wanted to cease the persecution of the Catholics as he was one himself. George Calvert’s son, Cecil Calvert instituted the Act of Toleration which gave religious freedom to all Christian religions but warranted for the death of all who denied Jesus. The Act of Toleration was passed in Maryland and influenced more Catholics to settle because of the new-found religious security. This contrasted with England where they were greatly persecuted for their religion. This was the beginning to freedom of religion in America.

15.  Quakers: The Quakers were Christian group known as the Religious Society of Friends. A main contributor to the Quakers was William Penn, son of William Penn who was a military and political leader that owned Pennsylvania. The son became part of the Quakers after his father passed. They were believed to be radicals because they did not believe religious authority could be found in a Bible or outside source, but within every person. Because these ideals detested authority, they were often jailed and persecuted for their beliefs. They also believed in equality among all, even women which was extremely progressive for their time. This also led them to preach non-violence and were against military force. Penn later went on to make a safe place for Quakers and other people of different religious ideals by instituting his radical ideas in government with the Frame of Government in 1682 to 1683 and the Charter of Liberties in 1701. These both aided in democracy, freedom, and equality. Penn was one of the few colonists who strived to treat the Native Americans fairly and did not cheat them like many others did. The Quakers started the fight for many beliefs of democracy, equality, and freedom that are instituted today in America.

16.  Great Migration: The Great Migration was a result of around 15,000 settlers migrating to Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s due to religious and political prejudice and unrest in England due to a civil war happening at the time. Massachusetts Bay Colony was where the Puritans originally settled for some of the same religious motivations originally led by John Winthrop. They created more democratic ideals and started a lot of independence in America. Not only did the new settlers settle in Massachusetts, but also in places such as the West Indies. Most of the colonists were seeking a place to safely practice their Puritan religion and made this journey with their families to do so. This caused the diversification of the New England colonies which added many more educated people and merchants. This also evened out the difference between women and men in America.

17.  Germans, Scotch-Irish, Dutch, Swedes, Huguenots: As America was growing in popularity, more people from around the world started moving there for religious freedom, escape from wars, or economic opportunities. The Germans largely settled on farmlands west of Philadelphia known as Pennsylvania Dutch country. While still maintaining the colony’s laws, they kept to their language, religions, and customs. They also did not interfere with the politics in the colonies. The Scotch-Irish were Protestants which had been pressured to leave Ireland by the British who they held little to no respect for. They largely settled in western Pennsylvania, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia. Other groups also migrated there such as the Huguenots, Dutch, and Swedes. By 1775, Germans made up six percent of the population, the Scotch-Irish made up seven percent, and the Huguenots, Dutch, and Swedes made up five percent.

18.  Jamestown: Jamestown was the first lasting English colony in America, and it was founded in 1607 with the help of the chartered Virginia Company from King James I. The people who settled there had a lot of trouble adapting to their new environment. The swampy area around where they settled resulted in the diseases dysentery and malaria spreading and killing. Also, many of the men thought they were not used to physical work in farms and other respects which made them lose out on food and land. Most of their food source was reliant on trading with the Native Americans, but when they stopped trading, the settlers starved. One of their main leaders was Captain John Smith who led them through their rocky start, and John Rolfe and his native wife, Pocahontas, aided in supplying Jamestown with food and resources. They developed the headright system to obtain more settlers for their colony. Despite the masses that settled there, most of them died which caused the king to revoke his charter and take direct control of the colony making Jamestown England’s first royal colony.

19.  Indentured servants: Indentured servants were popular in the early years of the colonies because most colonists were too poor to buy more slaves which they needed for labor. Instead, these landowners would obtain Indentured servants. Indentured servants make a contract with a master who agreed to give them passage to the colonies and a room for once they got there during their time serving. The indentured servants would, in return, work for and be under the absolute rule of their master for around four to seven years. After they finished their years of servitude, they would gain freedom and could obtain a job and land. Though the idea of indentured servants got pushed out of hand when Africans were brought to America to be indentured servants, the Virginia House of Burgesses enacted a law that kept the Africans, and their children permanently enslaved. That is essentially how a large part of slavery started in America. Though indentured servants worked for some people, it ended up doing much more harm than good because it projected the enslavement of Africans to become much more normal in America.

20.  Headright system: Virginia needed to increase their population, so they made the headright system to do so. It attracted immigrants by offering fifty acres of land to anyone who paid for his own passage or if a plantation owner paid for his passage. Many Europeans saw this as a chance for a reason to leave Europe; all these new settlers caused economic growth in the colonies. These systems helped a lot of Europeans move to the colonies, but it mainly affected landowners who got indentured servants and gained more land. This made more colonists want to have indentured servants and slaves so that they could gain more land and servants to tend to it. The headright system grew the population greatly, but it also aided in furthering slavery by the law against African indentured servants.

21.  Tobacco and rice: Slavery was on the rise for many reasons, but one of the most prevalent ones was the need for cheap labor. Once tobacco lost most of its profit, rice and indigo became the best crop to sell. These crops were not as simple to grow as tobacco; they needed a large amount of land and many unskilled field hands who were cheap. This added to law which said that African indentured servants and their children would be enslaved for life instead of the originally agreed upon contract where they had a set amount of time, and their children were free. These farms were extremely prevalent in North Carolina which relied heavily on slaves and indentured servants. Though this was a step in the wrong direction for enslavement in the colonies, it grew the economy a lot.

22.  Sugar plantations: Sugar plantations were heavily relied on in the West Indies because they were a large exporter of sugar, especially to Britain. Though, to grow this sugarcane and create sugar, everything needed to be processed on sit with many intricate processes. This meant that they needed many laborers to work on these farms, specifically slaves. Sugar plantations provided England with most of their sugar supply, so they were a large buyer because they wanted to make rum and food. This helped grow the economy of the West Indies, but furthered slave trade through the middle passage, and increased the demand for slaves as the demand for sugar increased.

23.  Iroquois: The Iroquois were a group of tribes who lived near the Great Lakes and New York consisting of the tribes: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and Tuscarora. They were extremely powerful and greatly feared by other tribes and some colonists. They had a well-settled society with hunting and gathering, and crops such as maize. They traditionally lived in longhouses and developed complex towns. When the colonists came and brought their diseases with them, a large number died off due to their lack of immunity. Though later, they grew to trade with the colonists especially with the fur trade and provided them with necessary resources for survival. This helped grow both their and the colonies’ economy, and helped the colonies get established in the hard first years.

24.  Pequot War: Once the Pequots made an alliance with the Dutch, the English traders were affected. Beginning in July 1636, a trail of attacks started with the death of John Oldham, an English trader. It continued until May 1637 when Connecticut and Massachusetts teamed up with a few native tribes to attack the Pequot village which resulted in the death of five hundred men, women, and children. This was followed by the New England population forcibly getting the rest of the Pequots to leave. Because the Puritans thought everything they were doing was okayed by God even though they questioned it at first, this only furthered their confidence that they were doing what God wanted. Though some ministers attempted to convert the Pequots, their efforts were in vain and overpowered. The Pequot War was mainly over land which resulted in the Pequots being massacred.

25.  Powhatan War: The Powhatan War happened after the leader of many native chiefdoms, Powhatan, had lost his relations with the English colonists. Powhatan had initially been trading with the colonists and seen them as potential allies, and he even gave his daughter, Pocahontas, to John Rolfe to marry. The colonists had recently discovered the profit of tobacco was expanding their land to grow it, this was intern stealing native land and crops. After this Powhatan knew that the colonists had not come for pure reasons, but to invade his country. The war was started by Opechancanough, who Powhatan’s younger brother who attacked many early English colonists and refused to put native children into colonial schools. In 1622, the natives killed 247 English colonists which resulted in the English fighting back and enslaving many of them. This was the reason for Virginia becoming a royal colony and for the loss of a lot of the colonial population.

26.  House of Burgesses: The House of Burgesses was a part of colonial Virginia’s government which consisted of a representative assembly elected by colonists. These representatives were a small group of white male wealthy landowners. They were first convened in 1619 to vote on certain issues such as laws and taxes. They did not have complete power because the governor and people from England could go over their head at any point. This highly increased the amount of independence and democracy they had with self-government, land ownership, and a judicial system largely controlled by the people. This influenced about 4,500 people to travel to America and become colonists; a large amount of these were women because they wanted them to become wives.

27.  Bacon’s Rebellion: Bacon’s Rebellion started with Nathaniel Bacon who manipulated other impoverished farmers like himself to start a rebellion against Berkeley’s Government. They felt over suppressed and controlled by some of the large planters in Chesapeake. In 1676 he took the army he had created and attacked and massacred many native villages, even ones who had alliances with the colonial government. Bacon’s army was accused of rebelling against the royal government. This made Bacon defeat the governor’s forces and burn Jamestown. Bacon later died and Governor Berkely executed twenty-three of the remaining rebels. This rebellion left lasting problems for the colonies such as wide class differentials, conflicts with the Native Americans, and the colonies’ resistance to royal control. These problems continued to follow them throughout the history of the colonies.

28.  Navigation Acts: The English government passed a series of Navigation Acts to establish rules for colonial trade. These were implemented between 1650 and 1673. One of the rules in the Navigation Acts said all trade for the colonies must be only on English or colonial ships with an English or colonial crew. The second rule said that all goods except for a few perishables must pass through England. The last rule stated That there were specific goods which could only be exported to England such as tobacco. The Navigation Acts had large effects on the colonists. They helped ship building in New England and provided England’s military to protect the colonies. It also hardly effected slave trade coming in and out of America. The Navigation Acts made it hard for the colonists to grow their economy because most could not make their own goods, so they had to pay high prices to get it from England. Chesapeake had to sell their crops for low prices because they could only sell to England. When Virginia tried to raise the price of tobacco, England increased their price on imported goods to retaliate. Though, this did help the colonists and natives connect more. They traded with the Native Americans for furs, food, and other things which created increasing contact between the colonists and the Native Americans. This resulted in culture changes in the colonies and the marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The Navigation Acts did a lot of harm and a lot of good for the colonies, but it made them want more independence from England which would affect them in the future.

29.  Triangular trade: Triangular trade is a three-part route that connects North America, Africa, and Europe. It was especially prevalent in the continuation of slave trade. Rum would typically be traded for hundreds of enslaved Africans. From this slave trading merchants would become increasingly wealthy. They also trade other things such as sugar, cod, and lumber. Through Triangular trade, the Americas give their raw materials to Africa and Europe. In return Europe would supply both with finished goods, and Africa would import slaves to the Americas. These trips usually began in New England going to West Africa, then across the Middle Passage to the West Indies, and then back to New England. Triangular trade was a main contributor to slave trade and the colonial economy.

30.  Middle Passage: The Middle Passage was widely used during slave trade because it was a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Slave traders had to pass through this to get to the Americas and about ten to fifteen percent of them died because of the horrific conditions. During these voyages, the slaves had little to no food or water which several died from. Due to the uncleanly boat many died from several diseases such as dysentery. Many jumped overboard or started revolts on the ships. Many slave uprisings happened on these ships, but even more slaves died from neglect, suicide, and the horrific journey.

31.  George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards: George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards were both prevalent leaders during the Great Awakening. Reverend Jonathan Edwards was a Congregational minister in Massachusetts who had an unexciting sermon. Though, when he started to travel with it, it started growing in popularity. He preached that God was mad at human sin, and those who deeply repented would be saved but all others would suffer eternal damnation. This inspired many individuals during the Great Awakening. George Whitefield attracted great audiences of people during the Great Awakening. He preached that God would only save those who were open with their belief in Christ, and all others would suffer eternal damnation. He preached that ordinary people did not need ministers to understand the gospels. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards were progressors of the Great Awakening and changed many people’s way of religion.

32.  Slave codes: Slave codes were a set of laws made to restrict slaves by taking away some human rights. In these laws, slaves were not allowed to own property, get an education, be away from their owner’s land without permission, gather without a white person, own firearms, own literature, marry, etc. This made slaves appear and be treated more as property than as human which helped justify slavery in many of the slave owner’s minds.

33.  Stono Rebellion: The Stono Rebellion was an uprising of slaves in 1739 in South Carolina along the Stono River; it was also the largest slave uprising in the colonies. It began when the Catholic governor of Spanish Florida promised freedom to fugitive slaves. Sixty-nine slaves had escaped before the revolt began. It officially started after the Spanish began fighting the English. In this uprising, slaves gained weapons, and proceeded to destroy six plantations and killed over twenty colonists. This rebellion was not long lasting, as it was quickly stopped by the colonists resulting in the death of forty-four slaves. This resulted in the colonists further restricting the slaves which made slaves start finding new ways to fight back.

34.  Salutary neglect: Salutary neglect was used to describe the British leniency on colonial policies. The policies that salutary neglect normally pertained to were the Navigation Acts. England did not set out to not enforce their policies, but it was hard to keep up with them for a few reasons. First, they were across the Atlantic Ocean from each other, so it was difficult to enforce rules when they were not actually in the colonies making sure no one was evading the laws. Second, England was having wars during this time such as the England Civil War and fighting with France. Third, the enforcers were often corrupt and could be bribed by colonials and evade the law. These regulations were likely not necessary to ensure trade with the colonies because they would have traded with England anyway. Most products would have probably gone to England anyway. Because England did not know of the colonies internal affairs, it resulted in the growth of self-government through representative assemblies, which laid the base form the American independence movement.

1. Fur Trade: An economically important trade system between Native Americans and Europeans, particularly the French, used to establish colonies and sustain relationships essential for survival.

2. Guns: Introduced by Europeans, guns significantly altered Native American societies by providing advantages in hunting and military superiority for colonizers, leading to easier land colonization.

3. Joint-stock Company: A company owned by multiple investors that financed colonial trade, limiting personal financial risk while promoting economic growth and colonization.

4. Royal and Proprietary Colonies: Different types of colonies established under charters from the monarchy, with royal colonies directly ruled by the crown and proprietary colonies governed by individuals granted land by the king, leading to increasing independence from British rule.

5. Colonial Legislature and Governors: The development of self-governance in the colonies where legislatures functioned to accept or deny laws proposed by appointed governors, enhancing independence and democratic practices.

6. William Bradford: The second governor of Plymouth who aided in its survival and economic growth, fostering relations with Native Americans and establishing self-governance through the Mayflower Compact.

7. Mayflower Compact: A foundational document for self-governance created by Pilgrims, establishing a majority rule for decision-making in the Plymouth colony.

8. John Winthrop: Leader of the Puritan settlers in Massachusetts who aimed to create a Christian society, influencing the establishment of the colony and its economic growth.

9. Congregational Church: Established in Massachusetts Bay Colony to promote local authority over religious practices, contributing to democratic ideals and independence from Britain's churches.

10. Massachusetts Bay Colony: Founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom, it developed a self-governing system and was central to the Great Migration.

11. Cod, Lumber, Rum: Crucial goods in triangular trade, contributing to the colonial economy and fueling the slave trade.

12. Town Meeting: A key democratic practice in New England where local voting took place, fostering self-governance despite restrictions on voting rights.

13. Anne Hutchinson: A Puritan woman who challenged religious norms, advocating for personal faith over established authority, eventually leading to her banishment and the establishment of a new community.

14. Act of Toleration: Legislation in Maryland that granted religious freedom to all Christians and marked a significant early step towards religious pluralism in America.

15. Quakers: A Christian group advocating for individual belief and equality, promoting peace and non-violence, and establishing Pennsylvania as a safe haven for diverse beliefs.

16. Great Migration: A mass movement of Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s, driven by religious persecution, leading to demographic and cultural changes in the colonies.

17. Germans, Scotch-Irish, Dutch, Swedes, Huguenots: Various immigrant groups who settled in America seeking freedom and opportunities, contributing to the cultural diversity of the colonies.

18. Jamestown: The first lasting English colony founded in 1607, facing many difficulties but ultimately leading to the establishment of Virginia as a royal colony.

19. Indentured Servants: Laborers under contract to work for a number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies, contributing to labor needs before the rise of African slavery.

20. Headright System: A system used in Virginia to attract settlers by granting land to those who paid for their own or others’ passage, inadvertently encouraging the use of indentured servants and slaves.

21. Tobacco and Rice: Cash crops that fueled the demand for enslaved labor, driving the expansion of plantations and contributing to the development of slavery in the colonies.

22. Sugar Plantations: Large farms in the West Indies that relied on slave labor to produce sugar, significantly impacting the colonial economy and increasing the slave trade.

23. Iroquois: A powerful group of tribes in New York that interacted with colonists through trade and conflict, experiencing population decline due to European diseases.

24. Pequot War: A conflict between the Pequot tribe and English colonists over land, leading to the near destruction of the Pequot people and increased confidence among Puritan settlers.

25. Powhatan War: A series of conflicts driven by colonists’ expansion into Native lands, culminating in severe casualties for Native Americans and leading to Virginia becoming a royal colony.

26. House of Burgesses: The first representative assembly in the American colonies, contributing to self-governance and increased political participation among land-owning males.

27. Bacon’s Rebellion: An uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government in Virginia, highlighting class tensions and conflicts with Native Americans.

28. Navigation Acts: Laws implemented by the British to regulate colonial trade, fostering shipbuilding in New England but creating economic hardships for colonists.

29. Triangular Trade: A complex trade route connecting North America, Africa, and Europe that facilitated the slave trade and exchange of goods.

30. Middle Passage: The brutal transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas, characterized by horrific conditions and high mortality rates.

31. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards: Influential figures in the Great Awakening who changed religious practices and emphasized personal faith and repentance.

32. Slave Codes: Laws that restricted the rights of enslaved people, reinforcing their status as property and justifying their treatment.

33. Stono Rebellion: A significant slave uprising in South Carolina that prompted stricter laws regulating enslaved individuals.

34. Salutary Neglect: A British policy of lax enforcement of trade regulations in the colonies, allowing for the growth of self-governance and early democratic practices.