SLP 108 Mid Term

Repository System

• Diaphragm largest muscle of respiration

• Speech breathing 

  • regulate our voice and speech production

  • Major differences between speech breathing and quiet breathing

  • When we are breathing for speech we have more air inhaled than in quiet breathing

  • The exhaustion is also slower for speech breathing because we want to get everything out

• Boyle's Law- Represents an inverse relationship between volume and pressure in the lungs

• The external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

  • When there is a contraction of external intercostals they are involved in just inhaling, with upward and outward expansion of the ribcage

  • Internal intercostals are active and involved during both inhalation and exhalation

Phonatory System

• We make sounds at the larynx and we call that phonation

• The space between the vocal folds is the glottis

• The hyoid bone has everything suspended from that

• The cricothyroid joint stretches the vocal folds

• The thyroid cartilage is rocking forward and downward to lengthen the vocal folds

• Adduction and abduction of vocal folds

  • To open and close the vocal folds we use the cricoarytenoid joints

  • The vocal folds are apart during abduction

  • The vocal folds are together during adduction 

  • The disorder where there is spontaneous adduction and abduction of the vocal folds is stuttering

  • When the folds are open more than they should be and too much air is escaping during speech there is a breathiness to the voice

• The velum is the soft palate

• The levator palatini muscle controls the velum

• When we contract the levator palatini we need that to produce most phonemes, moving up and spreading the nasal cavity 

• M,n, ng need the levator palatini to be relaxed

• The velopharyngeal port is open during nasal constants and regular breathing

• Vowels: More intense and louder than most constants

• Intensity = more energy in the acoustic signal

• Vowels produce the greatest acoustic energy which translates to loudness

• The fundamental frequency of the voice is the baseline frequency and is based on the size of the whole vibrating mass

• How does a male opera singer reach high notes? 

  • He has got to stretch them (thin) and tense them so they vibrate at a higher rate

• The myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production is the most widely accepted theory and voice production happens as a result of the interaction between the elasticity and musculature of the vocal folds and the airflow from the lungs, resulting in self-sustaining vibrations. 

• The Bernoulli effect: The relationship between air pressure and velocity 

  • As air speeds its way up from the lungs the air pressure in the glottis decreases and the vocal folds come together

• When we swallow the epiglottis prevents food from entering the wrong pipe

• Adele has lesions on the vocal folds since she is a singer

  • Contact ulcer is overuse of the vocal folds

• Spasmodic dysphonia - Random abduction of the vocal folds while speaking

  • A person's voice is breathy during their speech

• Parkinson's disease - affects the respiratory and phonatory system, getting air up and speaking loudly is hard. Getting pitch right is affected too (phonatory system, larynx, and vocal folds)

Articulatory System

• Muscles of the lips

  • The one is orbicularis oris circles the lips and we need that to be active during any sounds and phonemes that are rounded

    • Vowels that require rounded lips are /o/ as in true

• The risorius muscles do the opposite, spreading the lips 

  • Such as the vowel /e/ in each

• Supraglottis (needed in the articulatory system) above the glottis

• The external muscles of the tongue are the heavy lifters

  • When we produce /o/ as in loop, the styloglossus pulls the tongue up and back 

  • Down and back, the hyoglossus for /a/

• Intrinsic muscles are responsible for the shaping of the tongue more finer movements

• At the tip of the hard palate, we have the alveolar ridge

• Voiceless and voiced phonemes

  • Voiceless vocal folds are open, abducted, and no vibration (bus)

  • Voiced are open and vibrating (buzz)

    • Tongue and lips are in the same position

• Multi-porous means that there are holes in the myelin sheath and neurotransmitters have a hard time sending signals to the brain to do anything