Concept UNIT 1 Lectures 2 2024

Concepts Applied to Nursing

• Prepared by: Anthonette Patterson Bartley

• Reviewed and Presented by: Charlene Harriott

• Contributors: Faith Morelli

• Date: September 2024

Objectives

• By the end of this presentation, students will be able to:

  • Identify selected Nursing Theorists

  • Analyze selected theories applicable to nursing education, research, and practice.

Classification of Nursing Theories

• Source: R. Rowe 2019

  • Need/Problem-oriented

  • Interaction-oriented

  • System-oriented

  • Energy field

Notable Nursing Theorists

• Florence Nightingale

• Hildegard Peplau

• Dorothy Johnson

• Martha Rogers

• Faye Glenn Abdellah

• Ida Jean Orlando

• Callista Roy

• Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

• Virginia Henderson

• Imogene M. King

• Betty Neuman

• Margaret Newman

• Dorothea Orem

• Madeleine Leininger

• Lydia Hall

• Jean Watson

• Maslow's Hierarchy

Energy Field

• Description: A perspective that views the patient and their environment as cohesive wholes.

• Characteristics: Constantly changes in intensity, density, and extent.

Systems Theory

• Definition: Systems theory represents an advanced form of systems thinking, generalizing systems science principles.

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

• Adopted from: www.abraham-maslow.com

Levels of Needs

1. Self-Actualization

   • Characteristics: Vitality, creativity, self-sufficiency, authenticity, playfulness, meaningfulness

2. Self-Esteem

3. Love and Belongingness

4. Safety and Security

5. Physiological Needs

   • Basic needs: Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, sex

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (Original Five-Stage Model)

• Levels:

  • Self-actualization: Personal growth and fulfillment

  • Esteem needs: Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation

  • Belongingness and Love needs: Family, affection, relationships, work groups

  • Safety needs: Protection, security, order, law, stability

  • Biological and Physiological needs: Fundamental life needs

Importance of Human Needs

• Needs are categorized into:

  • Physiological or psychological factors necessary for health.

  • Arranged in order of importance from essential for survival to those needed for developing full potential.

Gratification of Needs

• Key Concept: Once a need is met at one level, the next higher need becomes prominent.

• Not all needs are motivating simultaneously; the most relevant category drives current motivation.

Physiological Needs

• Essentials for survival include:

  • Oxygen: Vital for cellular survival.

  • Water: Critical for metabolic processes and hydration.

  • Food: Insufficient intake leads to imbalances and malnutrition.

  • Temperature maintenance: Regulates heat and cold.

  • Physical activity: Exercise and movement.

  • Sleep and rest: Recovery and stress relief.

  • Shelter: Protection from environmental elements.

  • Elimination: Removal of waste products.

  • Sexuality: Integral for individuals.

Safety and Security

• Physical Safety and Security: Protection from harm (e.g., hand hygiene in nursing).

• Psychological Safety and Security: Creating trust and alleviating fear in clients.

Love and Belonging

• The need for understanding and acceptance in social contexts, achieving a sense of belonging; unmet needs lead to isolation.

Self Esteem

• Self: The need for a positive self-image and sense of accomplishment.

• Others: Need for respect and appreciation from peers.

Self Actualization

• Desire for the individual to achieve their maximum potential; requires fulfillment of lower needs to progress.

• This process continues throughout life.

Application in Nursing

• Maslow's Hierarchy offers a framework for nursing assessment, helping to prioritize care interventions based on client needs.

Case Study: Jeremy

• Profile: 21-year-old male, fractured left femur post Football match accident.

• Current Needs: Assistance in activities of daily living and pain management.

• Psychological: Expresses concern about future football activities and shows signs of sadness.

Florence Nightingale

Background

• Birth: Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820

• Legacy: Notable for contributions during the Crimean War, laid foundations for modern nursing.

Five Environmental Factors

1. Fresh air

2. Clean water

3. Efficient drainage

4. Cleanliness

5. Light (especially sunlight)

Environmental Control

• Belief that poor environmental conditions lead to illness; a nurturing environment aids healing.

Cleanliness

• Importance emphasized in patient care environments and personal hygiene for both nurses and clients.

Light

• Stressed the importance of maintaining a well-lit environment, acknowledging the positive effects of natural light on health.

Virginia Henderson

Definition of Nursing

• Unique role of nurses in aiding individuals (sick or healthy) towards health and independence through basic activities.

14 Components of Basic Nursing Care

1. Breathing normally

2. Eating and drinking

3. Eliminating body wastes

4. Moving and maintaining posture

5. Sleeping and resting

6. Dressing and undressing

7. Maintaining body temperature

8. Keeping the body clean and groomed

9. Avoiding danger

10. Communicating emotions and needs

11. Spiritual and moral worship

12. Engaging in work for accomplishment

13. Participating in recreation

14. Learning and curiosity satisfaction

Metaparadigm of Nursing

• Person: Individual needing assistance for health.

• Environment: Conditions affecting life and development.

• Health: Independence equated with ability to function.

• Nursing: Providing assistance to fulfill basic human needs.

Patricia Benner

Central Theme

• Nursing practice stemming from caring and skill development; caring as a bond in nursing.

Stages of Nursing Practice

• Five stages from novice to expert, reflecting progression from theoretical knowledge to practical application.

  • Novice: Lacks experience, needs guidance.

  • Advanced Beginner: Shows marginal performance; recognizes meaningful elements in practice.

  • Competent: Two-three years in practice; develops planning and management abilities.

  • Proficient: Understands situation complexity; intuition develops.

  • Expert: Operates beyond analytic principles, utilizes extensive experience.

Jean Watson

Human Caring Theory

• Emphasizes the significance of caring in nursing as the central focus of practice.

10 Carative Factors

1. Humanistic-Altruistic system of values.

2. Instilling faith and hope.

3. Sensitivity to self and others.

4. Developing caring relationships.

5. Acceptance of feelings.

6. Individualized caring processes.

7. Promoting teaching-learning.

8. Supportive environments.

9. Assisting with basic human needs.

10. Recognizing existential-phenomenologic forces.

Orem's Self Care Deficit Theory

Key Components

1. Self-Care: Activities individuals perform to maintain health.

2. Self-Care Agency: The ability to engage in self-care.

3. Therapeutic Self-Care Demand: Total self-care needed to meet health requirements.

Nursing System Theory

• Based on individual assessments of self-care needs, with focus on bridging care gaps when self-care is insufficient.

Peplau's Interpersonal Relationship Theory

Phases of Relationship

1. Orientation Phase: Introduction between nurse and patient, identification of needs.

2. Identification Phase: Understanding patient's specific needs.

3. Exploitation Phase: Patient uses all service options available.

4. Termination Phase: Successful completion of nursing care.

Roy's Adaptation Model

• Views persons holistically; aims to promote adaptation to maintain health through environmental adjustments.

Leininger's Transcultural Nursing

• Involves understanding cultural aspects of patient care; employs cultural assessments to develop tailor-made care plans.