Topic 6.3 - Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Topic 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Key Terms/People/Events You Should Know

People:

• Tupac Amaru II

• Jose Rizal

• Usman dan Fodio

• Samory Toure

• Muhammad Ahmad

• Yaa Asantewaa

Rebellions:

• Ghost Dance

• Indian Rebellion of 1857

• Philippine Revolution

• Spanish-American War

• Philippine-American War

• Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

• Anglo-Zulu War

Treaties:

• Treaty of Paris

• Treaty of Waitangi

• Proclamation of 1763

• Indian Removal Act

Important Things to Remember

• Movement leaders often possessed:

  • European-style education

  • Deep understanding of Enlightenment ideals

  • Awareness of natural rights

  • Positions in colonial governments

• Anti-imperialist resistance catalyzed the creation of new states and significant social movements.

Movements in the Balkans

Independence Movements:

• Serbia (1815) and Greece (1832) achieved independence after prolonged conflicts.

• Regions such as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria also initiated rebellions.

Balkan Wars:

• In 1877, Serbia and Russia allied to support Balkan independence movements.

• The war concluded in 1878 with the Treaty of Berlin, redrawing territories in the region.

Rebellion in the Americas

Proclamation of 1763:

• Issued after British victory in the French and Indian Wars, it reserved land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans.

• Notably, this was the first instance of a European government recognizing indigenous territorial rights.

Post-Independence US:

• After US independence, settlers sought expansion into regions like the Ohio and Illinois River Valleys.

Cherokee Nation

• The Cherokee attempted to assimilate by adopting European farming, building styles, and even creating a written alphabet and constitution.

• Despite their efforts, these changes did not protect them from government encroachments after gold was discovered on their lands.

Ghost Dance

• A spiritual movement (1869) involving rituals aimed at restoring lands to Indigenous peoples by invoking ancestral spirits.

• The tradition deeply influenced the Sioux Tribe and led to the Sioux Revolts, culminating in the Massacre at Wounded Knee, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

Tupac Amaru II - Peru

Background:

• Born in 1740, Amaru II was a descendant of an Incan ruler and became a chief in Southern Peru.

• In 1780, fueled by grievances against Spanish oppression, he arrested a cruel Spanish official, igniting widespread revolt across South America, notably in Bolivia and Argentina.

Capture and Execution:

• In 1781, he was apprehended by Spanish forces, forced to watch the execution of his family, and ultimately executed himself in Cusco.

France's Intervention in Mexico

• In 1863, Mexican conservatives enlisted Napoleon III's help to dethrone President Benito Juarez, leading to Maximilian being crowned Emperor of Mexico in 1864.

• Following three tumultuous years, Maximilian was executed, and Juarez returned to power.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Insurrection:

• The rebellion was sparked by British sepoys' grievances regarding insensitivity to Muslim and Hindu traditions and practices.

• The rebellion was brutally suppressed, resulting in significant loss of life and an eventual rise in Indian Nationalism.

• The British victory led to the dissolution of the Mughal Empire.

Philippine Resistance

• The Philippines fell under Spanish control in the 16th century.

• Jose Rizal initiated the Liga Filipina in 1892, promoting reform. His execution incited outrage and nationalism among Filipinos.

• Following the Spanish-American War, America gained control of the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris, escalating into the Philippine-American War with devastating consequences.

African Resistance

Sokoto Caliphate:

• Founded in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio, it established significant Islamic governance in West Africa.

• It was known for its involvement in the slave trade, ultimately collapsing in 1903, becoming part of modern Nigeria.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement:

• Occurred between 1811 and 1858, where a famine caused the Xhosa people to eliminate their cattle as a misguided effort to restore their land and culture, leading to widespread famine.

Yaa Asantewaa War:

• From 1823, the British made multiple attempts to subjugate the Asante Empire (Ghana).

• The final confrontation, the Yaa Asantewaa War (1900), was the last major African resistance against European colonial powers.

The Golden Stool of the Asante People

• The Golden Stool is a significant symbol of the Asante culture, representing their unity and identity.