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Topic 6.3 - Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Topic 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion

Key Terms/People/Events You Should Know

People:

  • Tupac Amaru II

  • Jose Rizal

  • Usman dan Fodio

  • Samory Toure

  • Muhammad Ahmad

  • Yaa Asantewaa

Rebellions:

  • Ghost Dance

  • Indian Rebellion of 1857

  • Philippine Revolution

  • Spanish-American War

  • Philippine-American War

  • Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

  • Anglo-Zulu War

Treaties:

  • Treaty of Paris

  • Treaty of Waitangi

  • Proclamation of 1763

  • Indian Removal Act

Important Things to Remember

  • Movement leaders often possessed:

    • European-style education

    • Deep understanding of Enlightenment ideals

    • Awareness of natural rights

    • Positions in colonial governments

  • Anti-imperialist resistance catalyzed the creation of new states and significant social movements.

Movements in the Balkans

Independence Movements:

  • Serbia (1815) and Greece (1832) achieved independence after prolonged conflicts.

  • Regions such as Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Bulgaria also initiated rebellions.

Balkan Wars:

  • In 1877, Serbia and Russia allied to support Balkan independence movements.

  • The war concluded in 1878 with the Treaty of Berlin, redrawing territories in the region.

Rebellion in the Americas

Proclamation of 1763:

  • Issued after British victory in the French and Indian Wars, it reserved land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans.

  • Notably, this was the first instance of a European government recognizing indigenous territorial rights.

Post-Independence US:

  • After US independence, settlers sought expansion into regions like the Ohio and Illinois River Valleys.

Cherokee Nation

  • The Cherokee attempted to assimilate by adopting European farming, building styles, and even creating a written alphabet and constitution.

  • Despite their efforts, these changes did not protect them from government encroachments after gold was discovered on their lands.

Ghost Dance

  • A spiritual movement (1869) involving rituals aimed at restoring lands to Indigenous peoples by invoking ancestral spirits.

  • The tradition deeply influenced the Sioux Tribe and led to the Sioux Revolts, culminating in the Massacre at Wounded Knee, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

Tupac Amaru II - Peru

Background:

  • Born in 1740, Amaru II was a descendant of an Incan ruler and became a chief in Southern Peru.

  • In 1780, fueled by grievances against Spanish oppression, he arrested a cruel Spanish official, igniting widespread revolt across South America, notably in Bolivia and Argentina.

Capture and Execution:

  • In 1781, he was apprehended by Spanish forces, forced to watch the execution of his family, and ultimately executed himself in Cusco.

France's Intervention in Mexico

  • In 1863, Mexican conservatives enlisted Napoleon III's help to dethrone President Benito Juarez, leading to Maximilian being crowned Emperor of Mexico in 1864.

  • Following three tumultuous years, Maximilian was executed, and Juarez returned to power.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Insurrection:

  • The rebellion was sparked by British sepoys' grievances regarding insensitivity to Muslim and Hindu traditions and practices.

  • The rebellion was brutally suppressed, resulting in significant loss of life and an eventual rise in Indian Nationalism.

  • The British victory led to the dissolution of the Mughal Empire.

Philippine Resistance

  • The Philippines fell under Spanish control in the 16th century.

  • Jose Rizal initiated the Liga Filipina in 1892, promoting reform. His execution incited outrage and nationalism among Filipinos.

  • Following the Spanish-American War, America gained control of the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris, escalating into the Philippine-American War with devastating consequences.

African Resistance

Sokoto Caliphate:

  • Founded in 1804 by Usman dan Fodio, it established significant Islamic governance in West Africa.

  • It was known for its involvement in the slave trade, ultimately collapsing in 1903, becoming part of modern Nigeria.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement:

  • Occurred between 1811 and 1858, where a famine caused the Xhosa people to eliminate their cattle as a misguided effort to restore their land and culture, leading to widespread famine.

Yaa Asantewaa War:

  • From 1823, the British made multiple attempts to subjugate the Asante Empire (Ghana).

  • The final confrontation, the Yaa Asantewaa War (1900), was the last major African resistance against European colonial powers.

The Golden Stool of the Asante People

  • The Golden Stool is a significant symbol of the Asante culture, representing their unity and identity.