Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Review

Definition: Chemicals organize to form the fundamental units of living things.
Smallest Cell in Human Body: Sperm cell (Male).
Largest Cell in Human Body: Egg cell (Female).

Definition: Many of the same cell type functioning together.
Types of Tissue:
- Epithelial Tissue:
  - Covers organs.
  - Lines body cavities.
  - Forms the bodies of glands.
- Connective Tissue:
  - Forms the basic structural framework of most organs.
  - It is the most abundant tissue in the body.
- Muscular Tissue (Muscle Tissue):
  - Type of tissue that contracts and moves the body.
- Nervous Tissue:
  - Generates and conducts electricity.
  - Example: Brain.

Definition: Large structures made up of multiple tissues joined and functioning together.
Examples: Heart, skin, brain, kidneys, liver.
Largest Organ in the Body: Skin.

Components: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.
Functions:
- Forms a protective layer against germs and harmful UV rays.
- Helps regulate body temperature via sweating.

Components: Joints (and bones implied).
Functions:
- Forms the basic structural framework of the body.
- Protects underlying organs.
- Works with the muscular system for movement.

Components: Skeletal muscles.
Functions:
- Works with the skeletal system to move the body.
- Generates most of our body heat.

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Functions:
- Controls muscle contractions.
- Controls gland secretions.
- Gives rise to sensations (e.g., vision, smell, pain).
- Responsible for language, memory, logic, emotion.

Components: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus (connects throat to stomach), intestines, liver, gallbladder.
Functions:
- Breaks down food and drink.
- Absorbs nutrients.

Components: Kidneys, bladder, urinary bladder, urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body).
Functions:
- Filters waste and excess water from the blood.
- Removes urine from the body.

Female Components: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina (birth canal), vulva.
Male Components: Testes, vas deferens (connect testes to urethra), prostate, urethra, penis.
Function: To produce offspring.

Definition: Basic units of chemistry; extremely small, fundamental objects of the body.
Made up of 3 types of particles:
- Protons:
  - Positively charged +
  - Located in the nucleus (central part of atom).
- Neutrons:
  - Neutrally charged
  - Located in the nucleus.
- Electrons:
  - Negatively charged -
  - Orbit the nucleus.
Diagram Representation: Electrons orbiting a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

Definition: The maintenance of a normal, healthy body environment; the maintenance of stable conditions within the body.
Example: Homeostatic (normal/healthy) body temperature 98F
Consequence of Not Maintained: If homeostasis isn't maintained for a certain body condition, it results in disease.
- Example from Transcript: If the body can't maintain 98F and the temperature drops below, the body would be in the disease of hyperthermia (as stated in the transcript, though biologically, a drop below normal leads to hypothermia).

Purpose: How the body maintains homeostasis.
Trigger: When a condition within the body begins to deviate or change from the homeostatic range.
Response: The body senses a change in the condition and responds by altering its functioning such that the condition is returned to homeostasis.
Example:
- Increased body temperature (hot): The brain senses these changes and activates nerves wired to sweat glands, causing us to start sweating to cool the body, returning the temperature to normal.

Trigger: When a body condition begins to deviate or change from its normal homeostatic level.
Response: The body responds by altering its functioning such that the condition deviates or changes further from homeostasis.
Descriptions: Also known as a