Chat GPT Exam Keywords


  1. PSVT Clinical intervention: Tachycardic if stable, adenosine (blocks AV node conduction and decrease heart rate). If unstable, cardioversion

  2. Congestive heart failure (pleural effusion), History and physical: Tactile fremitus decreased from pleural effusion (clear). Tactile fremitus will increase only if there is consolidation (puss, blood), atelectisis, or mass

  3. Molluscum Contagiosum, Scientific Concepts: Firm flesh color papules with central umbilication caused by Poxvirus, spread by skin-skin contact or fomites

  4. Cushing disease, Scientific Concepts: ACTH dependent Secondary hypercortisolism cause by pituitary adenoma.

    1. VS Cushing syndrome: ACTH nondependent hypercortisolism from adrenal adenoma (primary)

  5. Otitis Externa, Clinical Therapeutics: Ear pain, pruritus, purulent discharge, erythema and edema of ear canal, treat with Ciprofloxacin otic drops. Caused mainly by Pseudomonas or staph

    1. VS Otitis media: purulent tympanic membrane, treat with Augmentin

  6. Achalasia, Clinical intervention: Dysphasia, esophageal manometry reveals incomplete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Treat with Heller Myotomy which expands the esophageal spincter

  7. Cholangiocarcinoma, History and Physical, Scientific Concepts: jaundice, pruritus, dark urine, biliary tract mass. Caused by primary sclerosing cholangitis

  8. Ulceratics Colitis, Diagnostic Studies: Continuous lesions without skip areas limited to mucosal layers

    1. Vs. Crohn’s disease: Transmural inflammation (full thickness)

  9. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Diagnostic Studies: Ct scan of head is negative, what testing next? Lumbar Puncture to see xanthochromia

  10. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Diagnostic Studies: Anti-CCP antibodies is the most specific

    1. Vs: Rheumatoid factor: can be positive for other autoimmune conditions

  11. Lung Cancer, Health Management: Initial diagnostic study for Pt who has smoking history and chronic cough is CT Scan

    1. Vs. X-ray: Pt is already high risk for lung cancer

  12. Orbital Cellulitis, Diagnostic Studies: CT scan with contrast to look for inflammation and infections

    1. Vs MRI: costly and not always accessible

  13. Nephrolithiasis, Clinical Intervention: stones >6mm can use lithotripsy

  14. Aortic Regurgitation, History and Physical: Wide pulse pressure from increased stroke volume and rapid diastolic run off

  15. Primary Aldosteronism, Diagnostic Studies: Over production of aldosterone from the adrenal glands causing Hypertension and hypokalemia by sodium retention and potassium excretion. Dx: aldosterone to renin ration (PAC/PRA). The over production of aldosterone is increasing sodium retention causing renin (increased with low sodium) to not be produced. 

  16. Erythema multiforme, Scientific Concepts: Caused by Cytotoxic T-cell-mediated response triggered from a infection

  17. Cushing Disease (secondary), Diagnostic Studies: ACTH dependent disease that increase cortisol levels. Dexamethasone suppression test

    1. Vs cosyntropin test (ACTH stimulation test): to diagnose Addison disease (Adrenal insufficiency)

    2. Vs 24hr urinary free cortisol: to diagnose Cushing syndrome (primary) (ACTH non-dependent) 

  18. Bowel Obstruction, Clinical intervention: Abd x-ray shows dialted loops of bowel and air-fluid levels. Need to do nasogastric tube to remove air and give IV saline to correct dehydration

    1. Vs. Laxatives: can worsen the obstruction

  19. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinical Therapeutics: Best to maintain remission is Influximab. 

    1. Vs Azathioprine: not effective in moderate to severe disease

  20. Cirrhosis, Diagnosis: Labs: CBC (thrombocytopenia), US: surface nodularity, echogenicity. Liver Bx is confirmatory

  21. GERD, Health Maintenance: Long term complication is Barrett’s Esophagus then esophageal adenocarcinoma

  22. Hodgkin Lymphoma, Diagnostic Studies, Health Maintenance: Enlarged lymph nodes typically starting in the upper body such as neck, chest, or armpits. Lymph Node Biopsy to confirm diagnosis, shows Reedsteinburg cells. Treat with ABVD Chemotherapy (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine)

    1. Vs. Radiation Therapy: use for early stage disease, not for systemic symptoms (night sweats, fever, fatigue)

    2. Vs Non-Hedgkin Lymphoma: Shows anywhere in the body. Shows B-cell lymphomas

  23. Von Willebrand Disease, Scientific Concepts: Ineffective platelet adhesion causing increased bleeding. Dx: ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation

  24. Ischemic Stroke, Diagnostic Studies, Clinical Intervention: NON-Contrast CT to prevent contrast in brain. Within 3hrs, use Alteplase if no evidence of hemorrhage.

  25. Partial Seizure, Diagnostic Studies: need Electroencephalogram (EEG) to determine what type of seizure.

    1. Vs. CT Scan: not for initial management

  26. Rheumatoid Arthritis, Clinical Therapeutics: initial treatment with NSAIDS? Or DMARDS

    1. NSAIDS to relieve symptoms. DMARDS to treat disease

  27. Mallet Finger, Scientific Concepts: Inability to extend the distal interphalangeal joint caused by Rupture of the Extensor tendon?

  28. Schizophrenia, Clinical Therapeutics: First line antipsychotic is Olanzapine

  29. Lung Cancer, Diagnosis: Types of Lung Cancer: 

    1. Central: Small Cell Carcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma

    2. Peripheral: Adenocarcinoma (non-smokers), Large Cell Carcinoma

    3. Hemoptysis, smoker: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  30. Lung Cancer, Diagnostic Studies: Initial studies with Chest X-ray. CT if high risk: Unexplained weight loss, chest pain, chronic cough, Smoker, has previous lung nodules